“…The heat source due to pressure by considering the correct heat distribution by double ellipsoidal power density. The software used for the simulations such as SYSWELD (Saadlaoui et al, 2018), COMSOL-Multiphysics, Flow3D (Huang et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;Raza et al, 2023), Fluent (Zhang and Wu, 2015), Ansys (Acherjee, 2019;Acherjee, 2021c;Acherjee, 2022;Unni and Muthukumaran, 2022), CFDX, and the use of open source OpenFoam (Tang et al, 2020;Tang et al, 2022;Flint et al, 2023) through its compiler, have solved the fluid dynamics, evolution, and behavior of the keyhole geometry. Research is still lacking since the thermo-physical properties of the liquid and metal vapor are lacking.…”