“…Since the serviceability limit state is the primary concern in the design of laterally loaded piles, the p-y method has gained huge popularity, particularly in the US. Over the years, several modifications and extensions of the beam-on-foundation approach and the p-y method have been made (Reddy and Valsangkar 1970, Madhav et al 1971, Scott 1981, Aköz et al 1981, Hsiung 2003, Shen and Teh 2004, Hsiung et al 2006, Yang and Liang 2006. The characteristic load method of Duncan et al (1994), in which dimensionless equations are developed from p-y analysis, and the strain wedge model of Ashour and Norris (2000), which considers a mobilized passive soil wedge in front of the pile to determine p-y curves, are examples of these methods.…”