Numerical Simulation with Thorough Experimental Validation to Predict the Build-up of Residual Stresses during Quenching of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Echeverri, Edwan Anderson Ariza; Martorano, Marcelo Aquino; Lima, Nelson Batista de; Tschiptschin, André Paulo

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.54.1396

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The quenched cylinders were cross-sectioned, mechanically polished and then etched first with 2% nital (2 ml of HNO 3 and 98 ml of ethyl alcohol) for 10 s and subsequently with Vilella (0.5 ml of picric acid, 2.5 ml of HCl, and 50 ml of C 2 H 5 OH) for 5 s [12]. The etched samples were used for optical microscopy (OM; Imager A1 m) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM; JEOL, JSM7600F).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of quenching stress of 42CrMo treated by alternately timed quenching process

Liu

Zhang

Qin

et al. 2019

Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering

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Alternately timed quenching (ATQ) technology includes ATQ process and equipment. ATQ process essentially executes multicycle quenching-partitioning-tempering (MQ-P-T) process by alternative water -quenching and air cooling. Engineering applications indicate that ATQ process not only can replace oil or aqueous polymer solution quenching, but also reach even be superior to the mechanical properties of workpieces quenched by oil or aqueous polymer solution. Since direct water-quenching usually causes the cracking of workpieces, polluting oil quenching or aqueous polymer solution quenching is still used in modern industry. The combination of water-quenching and air-cooling can effectively avoid the cracking of workpieces, but direct water-quenching (DQ) process very easily causes cracking, and this issue puzzles us for a long time. In this work, 42CrMo cylinder with 60 mm in diameter respectively treated by ATQ process and DQ process for comparison is taken an example, and the quenching stress of 42CrMo cylinder is investigated by the finite element simulation (FES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement, respectively. The results reveals the origin of avoiding cracking of workpieces for ATQ process, that is, ATQ process markedly lowers the quenching tensile stress and raises its uniform distribution compared with DQ process. KEYWORDS 42CrMo; alternately timed quenching (ATQ) process; multicycle quenchingpartitioning-tempering (MQ-P-T) process; quenching stress; finite element simulation (FES); X-ray diffraction

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of quenching stress of 42CrMo treated by alternately timed quenching process

Liu

Zhang

Qin

et al. 2019

Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering

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“…, respectively; and q Vi is the volumetric latent heat capacity of phase transformations in steel [W•m −3 ] (values for austenite transformation are taken from [79]);…”

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Cooling Model for TMCP Processing of Steel Sheets with Oxide Scale Using Industrial Experiment Data

Beygelzimer¹,

Beygelzimer

2022

JMMP

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To verify the mathematical model of the water-jet cooling of steel plates developed by the authors, previously performed experimental studies of the temperature of the test plates in a roller-quenching machine (RQM) were used. The calculated temperature change in the metal as it moved in the RQM was compared with the readings of thermocouples installed at the center of the test plate and near its surface. The basis of the model is the dependence of the temperatures of the film, transition and nucleate boiling regimes on the thickness of the oxide scale layer on the cooled surface. It was found that the model correctly accounts for the oxide scale on the sheet surface, the flow rates and combinations of the RQM banks used, the water temperature, and other factors. For all tests, the calculated metal temperature corresponded well with the measured one. In the experiments with interrupted cooling, the calculated temperature plots repeated the characteristic changes in the experimental curves. The main uncertainty in the modeling of cooling over a wide temperature range can be attributed to the random nature of changes in the oxide scale thickness during water cooling. In this regard, the estimated thickness of the oxide scale layer should be considered the main parameter for adapting the sheet temperature-control process. The data obtained confirm the possibility of effective application of the model in the ACS of industrial TMCP (Thermo-Mechanical Controlled Process) systems.

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“…According to [148], [19], [161], [149], [162] and [163], at the end of the quenching process, tensile residual stresses can be found at the core and compressive stresses at the surface of the cylinders.…”

Section: Interaction Between Physical Fields During Heat Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiaxial Fatigue Analysis of Mooring Chain Links Under Tension Loading: Influence of Mean Load and Simplified Assessment

Perez

Bastid

Constantinescu

et al. 2018

Volume 3: Structures, Safety, and Reliability

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Current standards (as an example, DNV-OS-E301[1] and API-RP-2SK[2]) do not account for mean load in the fatigue assessment of mooring chains. Both standards, provide S-N curves derived from experimental work without specifying the mean load for which they have been obtained or proposing a mean load correction function. This paper reports a fatigue analysis study of mooring chains under Tension Loading using a multiaxial fatigue criterion for two different mean loads. Multiaxial fatigue criteria enable to account directly for complex phenomena, such as residual stresses, non-proportionality of the stress tensor, among others. This paper presents an example of the implementation of the Dang Van fatigue criterion for studying the fatigue behavior of mooring chains under tension. It quantifies the effect of the mean load on the fatigue lifetime and the failure location. Furthermore, it also proposes a simplified approach to reduce the complexity and the computational time of the fatigue analysis using Dang Van fatigue criterion. The paper is organized as follows: in the first part an example of the fatigue assessment is reported. Two different loading conditions with the same load amplitude but different mean loads are studied. The assessment method is based on two steps: a mechanical analysis and a fatigue analysis. In the second part, a simplified fatigue assessment method is proposed. As part of this method, a ratio between the fatigue lifetimes of two loading conditions, which have the same load amplitude but different mean load, is formulated. This ratio has been obtained analytically using the geometric representation of the Dang Van fatigue Criterion. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion, based on recent works, regarding the formulation of the locus of the Dang Van criterion and the fatigue properties used for the calibration of this criterion.

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Numerical Simulation with Thorough Experimental Validation to Predict the Build-up of Residual Stresses during Quenching of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels

Cited by 24 publications

References 41 publications

Investigation of quenching stress of 42CrMo treated by alternately timed quenching process

Investigation of quenching stress of 42CrMo treated by alternately timed quenching process

Validation of the Cooling Model for TMCP Processing of Steel Sheets with Oxide Scale Using Industrial Experiment Data

Multiaxial Fatigue Analysis of Mooring Chain Links Under Tension Loading: Influence of Mean Load and Simplified Assessment

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