Numerical simulation of the wind-driven rainfall distribution over small-scale topography in space and time

Blocken, Bje Bert; Carmeliet, JE Jan; Poesen, Jean

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.029

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 36 publications

(49 reference statements)

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“…17, which assumes a decreasing distance between parallel raindrop trajectories with increasing wind speed. The estimates also are consistent with the detailed 2-D numerical simulations of WDR modelled by Blocken et al (2005) for fine-scale topography. Their experiments yielded P e /P o ratios ranging from 0.46 to 1.37 depending on wind speed, distance from nearest hilltop, and windward or leeward location.…”

Section: Wind-driven Rainfallsupporting

confidence: 84%

Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

Pike

Sobieszczyk

2008

Geomorphology

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Section: Wind-driven Rainfallsupporting

confidence: 84%

Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

Pike

Sobieszczyk

2008

Geomorphology

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“…The uniformity coefficients of the rainfall intensity changed from 82% for the rains driven by wind speed of 12.0 ms − 1 with the nozzle pressure of 75 kPa to 92% for those driven by 6.4 ms − 1 with the nozzle pressure of 150 kPa (Erpul, 1996). The actual amount of rain intercepted on a sloping surface with respect to the prevailing wind direction was calculated with the angle of rain incidence using the correction factors (Sharon, 1970(Sharon, , 1980Sharon et al, 1983Sharon et al, , 1988De Lima, 1990;Sharon and Arazi, 1997;Blocken and Carmeliet, 2000, 2002, 2004Blocken et al, 2005;Cornelis et al, 2004a;Blocken et al, 2006):…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sand detachment under rains with varying angle of incidence

Erpul

Gabriëls

Cornelis

et al. 2008

CATENA

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In the case of wind-driven rain, as the angle of rain incidence increases, greater force components act parallel to the surface and lower force components act perpendicular to the surface. Therefore, raindrop impact angle could influence the detachment process in the existence of substantial lateral jet development. This could be particularly significant for a cohesionless sand surface that has a weaker resistance to the dislodgement by a raindrop impact than a soil surface. Experiments of simulated wind-driven rain were conducted to evaluate sand detachment rates under increased lateral jetting induced by wind velocities of 6.4, 10.0, and 12.0 m s − 1 at nozzle operating pressures of 75, 100, and 150 kPa and incident on windward and leeward slopes of 4 and 9°. With these set-ups, it was possible to have varying angles of incidence and to determine the effect of the compressive stress and shear stress, evaluated by the horizontal and vertical kinetic energy fluxes (E tx and E tz , respectively), on the detachment rates from the sand surface. At the same vectorwise sum of E tz and E tx , the results showed that there was, for similar values of E tz and E tx in windward slopes, more sand detachment rate; however, for dissimilar values of E tz and E tx in leeward slopes where E tx was significantly higher than E tz , there was less sand detachment rate. Consequently, with certain values of the compressive stress and shear stress, the sand detachment rates under wind-driven rains peaked; and E tz was the limiting component since the rates significantly decreased as E tz particularly decreased in spite of very large values of E tx .

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“…In contrast, the WDR effect focuses on the precipitation trajectories affected by topography-conditioned perturbations of the local wind field at a much finer scale featured by microtopography, which is not part of the rainfall generation process. WDR has also been extensively investigated with both observation data and fluid mechanical models (Sharon and Arazi, 1997;Blocken et al, 2005;Lehning et al, 2008). In general, the orographic effect entails precipitation climatology at the scale of around or larger than 100 km, whereas the WDR effect describes the redistribution of rainfall by microtopographic features of less than around 1 km.…”

Section: Liu Et Al: Interaction Of Valleys and Cps On Spatial Prementioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of valleys and circulation patterns (CPs) on spatial precipitation patterns in southern Germany

Liu

Bàrdossy

Zehe

2013

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Topography exerts influence on the spatial precipitation distribution over different scales, known typically at the large scale as the orographic effect, and at the small scale as the wind-drift rainfall (WDR) effect. At the intermediate scale (1 ∼ 10 km), which is characterized by secondary mountain valleys, topography also demonstrates some effect on the precipitation pattern. This paper investigates such intermediate-scale topographic effects on precipitation patterns, focusing on narrow-steep valleys in the complex terrain of southern Germany, based on the daily observations over a 48 yr period (1960 ∼ 2007) from a high-density raingauge network covering two sub-areas, Baden-Wuerttemberg (BW) and Bavaria (BY). Precipitation data at the valley and non-valley stations are compared under consideration of the daily general circulation patterns (CPs) classified by a fuzzy rule-based algorithm. Scatter plots of precipitation against elevation demonstrate a different behavior of valley stations comparing to non-valley stations. A detailed study of the precipitation time series for selected station triplets, each consisting of a valley station, a mountain station and an open station have been investigated by statistical analysis with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test supplemented by the Oneway analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) and a graphical comparison of the mean precipitation amounts. The results show an interaction of valley orientation and the direction of the CPs at the intermediate scale, i.e. when the valley is shielded from the CP which carries the precipitation, the precipitation amount within the valley is comparable to that on the mountain crest, and both larger than the precipitation at the open station. When the valley is open to the CP, the precipitation within the valley is similar to the open station but much less than that on the mountain. Such phenomenon where the precipitation is "blind" to the valleys at the intermediate scale conditioned on CPs is defined as the "narrowvalley effect" in this work. Such an effect cannot be captured by the widely used elevation-precipitation relationship, which implies that the traditional geostatistical interpolation schemes, e.g. ordinary kriging (OK) or external drift kriging (EDK) applying digital elevation model (DEM) as external information, are not sufficient. An interpolation experiment applying EDK with orographic surrogate elevation defined in this paper as auxiliary information to account for the valley effects shows improvement for the cross-validation.

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Numerical simulation of the wind-driven rainfall distribution over small-scale topography in space and time

Cited by 39 publications

References 36 publications

Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

Soil slip/debris flow localized by site attributes and wind-driven rain in the San Francisco Bay region storm of January 1982

Sand detachment under rains with varying angle of incidence

Interaction of valleys and circulation patterns (CPs) on spatial precipitation patterns in southern Germany

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