Numerical simulation of the operation of the GPR experiment on NETLANDER

Ciarletti, Valérie; Martinat, B.; Reineix, Alain; Berthelier, Jean‐Jacques; Ney, R.

doi:10.1029/2002je001867

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…This numerical scheme takes fully into account the actual characteristics of the whole instrument by considering as the input the voltage waveform sent from the transmitter amplifier to the antenna and as the output the current sent by the antenna to the receiver. A more detailed description of this method together with some results of an initial work on signal analysis are presented in a companion paper [ Ciarletti et al , 2003]. We shall restrict here to only the most important results which help in determining the basic performances of the GPR.…”

Section: Summary Of Results From a Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 3 displays a schematic view of the subsurface model together with the average values of the relative electric permittivity (ε) and loss tangent (tgδ). Initial values, on the left side, have been used for all the simulations reported here and those of Ciarletti et al [2003]. Revised values, on the right side and taken from Heggy et al [2002], were used only to evaluate the modification which they brought to the radar power budget reported in Table 1.…”

Section: Summary Of Results From a Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Values of the electromagnetic parameters in each layer are indicated. Initial values were used for all simulations reported in this paper and by Ciarletti et al [2003]. Revised values, indicated on the right and taken from Heggy et al [2002], were only used to obtain results of Table 1.…”

Section: Summary Of Results From a Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GPR, a ground‐penetrating radar for the Netlander mission

Berthelier¹

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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In the coming decade, several missions are planned that will land on the surface of Mars landers or instrumented geophysical stations. Among the scientific objectives of these projects, one of the most important will be to unravel the many unknowns in the geological and hydrological history of the planet. The Netlander mission offers a unique opportunity to explore the interior of Mars, its subsurface, its atmosphere, and its distant environment from four landing sites that will be selected to offer a variety of different geophysical conditions. We have thus proposed to fly on these four landers a ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) to explore the geological characteristics of the subsurface and search for water reservoirs down to a depth which may be sufficient to allow a possible detection of liquid water. We provide in this paper a short description of this radar which is based on a new concept to allow a 3‐D imaging of the subsurface by determining the range and direction of the underground reflectors. In order to access to deep layers, it will operate at a low frequency of 2 MHz. Some results obtained by a numerical modeling of the radar operation in an electromagnetic model of the Martian subsurface are presented in order to illustrate the main capabilities of the radar. In the last section, preliminary results from an initial field test are reported. In addition to its primary goal as a ground‐penetrating radar, the GPR will also be operated on Mars as an ionospheric sounder and, in a passive mode, as a HF receiver to measure the radio‐electric background.

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Section: Summary Of Results From a Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary Of Results From a Numerical Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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GPR, a ground‐penetrating radar for the Netlander mission

Berthelier¹

2003

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Since TAPIR was to operate on a fixed lander and thus from a single location, a novel concept was proposed allowing determination of not only the distance but also the direction of the reflectors, thus providing a 3D imaging of the underground structures. The direction of the reflectors is deduced from the propagation vector of the reflected waves which can be retrieved from the analysis of 2 horizontal electric components and 3 magnetic components of the waves [Ciarletti et al, 2003a]. Long range soundings require an extremely high sensitivity that can be achieved by a sophisticated onboard processing of the signal such as biphasing at transmission and coherent integrations at reception (up to 2 31 in the present design).…”

Section: Instrument Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3] As shown by Ciarletti et al [2003a], retrieving the propagation direction of the reflectors requires knowledge of the electrical characteristics of the subsurface which control the refraction of the electromagnetic waves exiting from the soil. Several methods have already been proposed in the field of electromagnetic investigation of subsurfaces to measure these parameters with particular emphasis on the measurement of the soil water content with a GPR [Van Overmeeren et al, 1997;Reppert et al, 2000;Huisman et al, 2003b;Lambot et al, 2004;Fratticcioli et al, 2004].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An estimation of the electrical characteristics of planetary shallow subsurfaces with TAPIR antennas

Gall¹,

Reineix²,

Ciarletti³

et al. 2006

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] In the frame of the NETLANDER program, we have developed the Terrestrial And Planetary Investigation by Radar (TAPIR) imaging ground-penetrating radar to explore the Martian subsurface at kilometric depths and search for potential water reservoirs. This instrument which is to operate from a fixed lander is based on a new concept which allows one to image the various underground reflectors by determining the direction of propagation of the reflected waves. The electrical parameters of the shallow subsurface (permittivity and conductivity) need to be known to correctly determine the propagation vector. In addition, these electrical parameters can bring valuable information on the nature of the materials close to the surface. The electric antennas of the radar are 35 m long resistively loaded monopoles that are laid on the ground. Their impedance, measured during a dedicated mode of operation of the radar, depends on the electrical parameters of soil and is used to infer the permittivity and conductivity of the upper layer of the subsurface. This paper presents an experimental and theoretical study of the antenna impedance and shows that the frequency profile of the antenna complex impedance can be used to retrieve the geoelectrical characteristics of the soil. Comparisons between a numerical modeling and in situ measurements have been successfully carried over various soils, showing a very good agreement.

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Computing low‐frequency radar surface echoes for planetary radar using Huygens‐Fresnel's principle

et al. 2015

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Radar echoes from planetary sounders often contain ambiguities between surface echoes (clutter) and subsurface reflections. Such problems severely constrain quantitative data analysis especially for rough terrains. We propose a physical optics approach to simulate planetary sounding radar surface echoes to address this specific issue. The method relies on the Huygens-Fresnel's principle which permits the recasting of Maxwell's equations in a surface integral formulation. To compute this integral, we describe the surface through a mesh composed of adjacent triangular elements for which we provide an analytical expression of the scattered electromagnetic fields. The main contribution of this work lies in the use of analytical integrals over triangular facet elements much larger than the wavelength of the electromagnetic field. Hence, the advantage of the proposed approach is its computation efficiency which reduces the computational requirements while maintaining the physical optics accuracy. This allows a systematic analysis of the continuously growing planetary sounding radar database. Equations and implementation are detailed in this paper as well as illustrations of obtained results for different instruments (namely, SHARAD and LRS). Our simulation results suggest that the method is able to accurately reproduce the observed clutter in both rough and smooth terrains of the planetary cases discussed in this paper.

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Numerical simulation of the operation of the GPR experiment on NETLANDER

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

GPR, a ground‐penetrating radar for the Netlander mission

GPR, a ground‐penetrating radar for the Netlander mission

An estimation of the electrical characteristics of planetary shallow subsurfaces with TAPIR antennas

Computing low‐frequency radar surface echoes for planetary radar using Huygens‐Fresnel's principle

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