“…[2][3][4] Thanks to the advantages of FRPs, including high specific strength, specific stiffness, and customizable properties, FRPs has steadily gained prominence. 1,5 The injection overmolding technique is a wellestablished method for manufacturing complex fiberreinforced thermoplastic structures, offering the advantages of automation, high speed, cost-effectiveness, and precision. 6,7 Currently, there is a growing research focus on the integration of fiber-reinforced thermoset composite (TSC) materials with thermoplastic (TP) materials, known as the TSC-TP composite structure, within the realm of lightweight structures.…”