“…Numerical methods can be classified into two categories: continuum‐based methods and discontinuum‐based methods. In terms of the continuum‐based methods, finite element method (FEM), finite difference method (FDM), boundary element method (BEM), extended finite element method (XFEM), phantom node method, strain softening elements, and specific meshfree methods, such as bond particle method (BPM), peridynamics (PD), smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH), and general particle dynamics (GPD), were developed to investigate interlayers and crack problems. In terms of the discontinuum‐based methods, distinct lattice spring model (DLSM), discrete element method (DEM), discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA), and numerical manifold method (NMM) were developed.…”