“…As can be seen, the re-entry flow requires a multi-species chemistry model. 8 In this study, the following eleven species air chemistry model is considered: N, O, N 2 , O 2 , NO, N + , O + , N + 2 , O + 2 , NO + , and e − . The governing equations for the ExB layer with the eleven chemical species are composed mainly of two parts, which are the flow field and the electric field.…”