Numerical simulation of coke collapse and its optimization during burden charging at the top of bell-less blast furnace

Modelling of phenomena affecting blast furnace burden permeability using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) – A review

“…They found that the severity of coke collapse depends on the chute angle, rotational speed and the amount of sinter being charged. Zhou et al [57] developed a more realistic Fig. 4.…”

“…The charging sequence generally starts at the outer ring so that burden is deposited near the walls (large tilting angle) first and at the center (small tilting angle) last. Zhou et al [57] investigated the effect of reverse charging (i.e. starting at the center and ending at the walls) of ores on coke collapse.…”

“…22. Burden profiles after collapse for different amounts of central coke charging; image adopted from [57]. This section reviews the methods which have been applied in blast furnace literature and the presented framework will serve as a guide for our review.…”

“…Furthermore, the lowered value of G resulted in only a slight decrease of the total average force on small pellets, while the pellet (average, minimum, maximum and angular) velocities during charging as well as the charged radial burden distribution were practically unaffected. Based on this result, several other researchers [45,46,57,159] adopted the lowered value of 10 7 Pa in their work, applying this value to sinter and lump ore as well. When it comes to segregation, Zhu et al [67] studied the effect of Young's modulus on the percolation of a single particle in a packed bed.…”

Numerical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Burden Surface and Porosity Distribution in the Upper Part of the Blast Furnace

“…The burden bed at the top of the BF consists of alternating ore and coke layers, and this layered structure tends to persist during the descent in the throat and shaft. Some researchers used the burden surface profile [8][9][10], ore-to-coke ratio [11,12], or porosity distribution [13][14][15] to characterize the burden distribution at the top of the BF. The burden distribution can be indirectly estimated by observing the bed surface by radar [16][17][18][19] or mechanical profile meters [20,21], but the internal structure can only be accessed by extremely time-consuming sampling after filling of the BF before a blow-in; there are no reliable methods by which the internal bed structure can be measured in an operating blast furnace.…”