“…The calibration of material parameters of the constitutive models has been conducted through the parametric analyses (specimen size, shape, mesh size, and compressive strength of concrete) comparing with the macro stress-strain test relationships including the softening part subjected to uniaxial compression, hydrostatic compression, triaxial compression, and uniaxial tension [42,43]. After calibration of the material parameters as shown in Tables 1 and 2, the applicability of the calibrated model parameters in 3D-RBSM has been confirmed through the initiation and propagation of the cracks in the concrete under various structural and mechanical behaviors, e.g., shear response evaluation of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams [45], RC wall panels subjected to cycling loading [46], numerical evaluation of localization and softening behavior of the concrete confined by steel tubes [44], the investigation of internal crack propagation behavior due to corrosion [47][48][49][50], the simulation of the bond behavior between steel and concrete [51], etc. Furthermore, the compression model of a normal spring does not include the softening behavior and the failure of the normal springs.…”