“…Within the framework of the SPH method, the simulation domain is populated by freely moving particles where physical properties are averaged over computational particles using a smoothing kernel function, and the governing equations are discretized on these particles. SPH has been applied to a wide range of applications such as free surface flows (Aly et al, 2013;Leroy et al, 2016;Gotoh et al, 2014), hydrodynamic instabilities (Rahmat et al, 2014;, multiphase flows (Rahmat et al, 2016;Hopp-Hirschler et al, 2019;Rahmat and Yildiz, 2018;Nasiri et al, 2018), bluff body simulations and fluid-solid interactions (Rafiee and Thiagarajan, 2009;Tran-Duc et al, 2017;Rahmat et al, 2019;Li et al, 2018).…”