Numerical Modelling of Human Body for Bluetooth Body-Worn Applications

Ur-Rehman, Masood; Abbasi, Qammer H.; Chen, Xiaodong; Ying, Zhinong

doi:10.2528/pier13080403

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…The dielectric properties of the tissues can be found in [44], [98], [105][106]. The authors of [107] carried out a thorough investigation utilizing numerous homogeneous models of human body tissue. The accuracy, computational effectiveness, processing speed, and resolution of the results produced by the software using the human body model were the primary focus of the study, followed by experimental validation.…”

Section: Impact Of Human Body On Wearable Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

et al. 2023

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Wearable antennas are the vital components for Body Centric Communication (BCC). These antennas have recently gained the attention of researchers and have received a great deal of popularity due to their attractive characteristics and opportunities. They are fundamental in the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for health care, military, sports, and identification purposes. Compared to traditional antennas, these antennas work in close proximity to the human body, so their performance in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, radiation pattern, efficiency, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is influenced by the coupling and absorption of the human body tissues. Additionally, in the design of these antennas, size, power consumption, and speed can also play a paramount role. In most cases, these antennas are integrated into the clothes, or in some cases, they may be fixed over the skin of the users. When these characteristics are considered, the design of wearable antennas becomes challenging, particularly when textile materials are examined, high conductivity materials are used during the manufacturing process, and various deformation scenarios have an impact on the design's performance. To enhance the overall performance of the wearable antennas and to reduce the backward radiation towards the human body, metamaterial surfaces are introduced that provide a high degree of isolation from the human body and significantly reduce the SAR. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art wearable/textile/flexible antennas integrated with metamaterial structures composed of wearable/flexible substrate materials, with a focus on single and dual band antenna designs. The paper also reviews the critical design issues, various fabrication techniques, and other factors that need to be considered in the design of wearable/textile/flexible antennas. All the designs presented in this work are of the recent developments in wearable technology. INDEX TERMS BCC, WBAN, SAR, metamaterial, and wearable/textile/flexible antennas I. INTRODUCTIONRecently, Body Centric Wireless Communication (BCWC) has become one of the most important parts of the fourth generation (4G) mobile communication systems. The fifth generation (5G) is an encouraging technology which will not only fulfil the need of a high data rate for mobile phones and similar devices but also enable incorporation with different high added value services [1]. The IEEE 802.15 standardization group has been established to standardize applications intended for on, off, and in-body communication due to the growing interest in antennas and wave propagation for body centric communication systems [2]. BCWC is a type of communication which is used to connect devices which are worn on or in the body, or between the two people in close proximity. It is further divided into three different categories according to the mean of communication, they are on-body, in-body and off-body communication [3][4][5]. On-body communication describes the wireless communication between the body-mou...

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Section: Impact Of Human Body On Wearable Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

et al. 2023

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“…Various tools and software are used to design these antennas. To analyze the electromagnetic behavior of the antenna inside the human body, numerical phantoms and tissue models using the Dyadic Green Function expansion method and Finite Difference Time Domain methods are used [99] as shown in Fig. 20(a),(b) [100].…”

Section: Measuring Human Body Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantable Antennas for Bio-Medical Applications

Malik

Sant

Ajmal

et al. 2021

IEEE J. Electromagn. RF Microw. Med. Biol.

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Antenna design considerations for implantable devices in remote telehealth systems Take-Home Messages • Implantable sensors are pivotal to telehealth systems enabling continuous monitoring of a patient's vital health signs wirelessly. • Antennas are an integral element of these systems whose design is a complex task due to harsh and highly volatile in-body environment and requirements of robust and reliable performance while offering miniature structure, patient safety and biocompatibility. • A comprehensive critical review on the antenna design for implantable medical devices highlighting requirements, challenges, antenna types and human body effects on their performance shows that slotted patch antennas operating at higher frequencies can serve the purpose optimally. • The slotted patch antenna designed in the light of recommendations made offers a small size of 7.5×5×0.25 mm 3 with a-10 dB bandwidth of 25 MHz, a near-omnidirectional pattern and a gain of 1.7 dBi. • The paper can serve as a reference for the antenna designers working in the field of implantable devices providing state-of-the-art, current advancements, requirements, challenges as well as design rules.

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“…A study was conducted in [94] using three different homogeneous models of the human body. The evaluation was based on the accuracy, time consumption, computational efficiency, and resolution of the human body model results in software followed by experimental verifications.…”

Section: Human Body Behaviour For Wearable Antennasmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview of Electromagnetic Band-Gap Integrated Wearable Antennas

et al. 2020

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The recent advancement in the wireless technology has led to the advent of wearable antennas. These antennas are utilized for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) purposes such as healthcare, military sportive activities and identification systems. Compared to conventional antennas, wearable antennas operate in an environment which is in highly near proximity to the curved human body. Therefore, the wearable /flexible antenna performance parameters, including reflection coefficient, bandwidth, directivity, gain, radiation characteristic, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), and efficiency are anticipated to be influenced by the coupling and absorption by the human body tissues. In addition, an electromagnetic bandgap structure is introduced in the wearable /flexible antenna designs to enable and give a high degree of isolation from the human body which also decreases the SAR dramatically. This paper reviews the stateof-the-art wearable/flexible antennas integrated with the electromagnetic band-gap structure on flexible materials concentrating on single and dual-band designs. Besides, it also highlights the challenges and considerations for an appropriate wearable/flexible antenna. INDEX TERMS Wearable/flexible antennas, EBG, AMC, metamaterials, metasurface, textile/fabric antennas, WBAN applications, ISM, SAR. I. INTRODUCTION Wearable devices are critical in the ICT field for on-body applications and the deployment of the Internet of Things and Wireless Sensor Networks. They must be low-powered, small, and capable of connecting to a hub or gateway device to access the internet or the cloud. The goal of these devices is to enhance the quality of life by improving the functionality of clothing by combining fabrics and electronics. They are continually showing a vision of the future since they are The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Chow-Yen-Desmond Sim. going to be an essential part of daily clothing and serve as an intelligent personal assistant [1]-[3]. With the tremendous growth of wearable devices, academics, engineers, and researchers are concentrating on the investigation of ''Wireless Body Area Networks'' (WBAN) that link different electronic devices on the human body. The WBANs have a variety of applications in our daily lives. In the healthcare arena, they are applied to monitor a patient's serious health condition, such as a glucose monitoring system, capsule endoscopy, and blood pressure. Furthermore, they can be utilized in entertainment, military, business, and rescue operations, as well as incorporated into helmets, raincoats, shoes, jackets in emergency and rescue

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Numerical Modelling of Human Body for Bluetooth Body-Worn Applications

Cited by 11 publications

References 15 publications

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

Implantable Antennas for Bio-Medical Applications

An Overview of Electromagnetic Band-Gap Integrated Wearable Antennas

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