Numerical Modelling and Sensitivity Analysis of Gas Kick Migration and Unloading of Riser

Abstract

In deepwater wells there is a risk of gas entering the riser. This can be caused by gas being trapped by the BOP after a well kill operation, or it can be that the BOP was not closed quickly enough upon kick detection. With oil-based mud (OBM), gas is dissolved, and larger kicks may go undetected and circulated up in the riser by accident. If a gas kick comes into the riser, a rapid unloading event can occur. This can in worst case lead to a blowout scenario. In addition, the riser may be subject to a collapse load due to reduced liquid level inside. The unloading behavior will be different when comparing kicks in oil-based and water-based mud (WBM). For water-based muds, field experience and experiments have shown that gas can be trapped by the mud. This effect is the same that causes mud to capture cutting particles, and it is related to the non-Newtonian and time-dependent rheology behavior of the mud. The suspended gas can only be removed from the riser by circulation. The kick must therefore be of a certain volume to be able to unload the well. Modelling of the mentioned complex phenomena, with the violent transient phase seen when a large volume of gas expands as it moves towards the liquid surface in the riser, is still a challenge for numerical algorithms to do accurately and reliably. Robust handling of numerical diffusion in two-phase flow is one of the key topics, as are slippage and extension of gas in the liquid. The paper describes how an explicit numerical scheme (AUSMV) is used as a numerical solver with the application of the slope-limiter technique to handle numerical diffusion. This has not yet been done for unloading of gas in riser. A simulation case will be constructed considering gas migration and expansion in a long riser. A sensitivity analysis will be performed where both the kick volumes and the threshold for gas suspension will be varied to study when kicks will start to unload the well vs. situations where they will become fully suspended. The phenomena mentioned will be studied for water-base drilling fluids. The paper will review previous work on the subject and highlight how transient flow models can be useful for gaining more insight into how the gas behaves in risers and what can be done to mitigate the consequences.

Use of a Transient Model for Studying Kick Migration Velocities and Build-Up Pressures in a Closed Well

“…The mathematical formulation of the conservation laws can e.g. be seen in [8,10]. This model has been shown to be hyperbolic describing propagation of sonic waves and a gas mass fraction wave.…”

“…Here, the explicit AUSMV scheme has been used. A short description of the scheme is given in [8] where it was used to study the effect of gas suspension on riser unloading. More details about how the fluxes between the cells shall be calculated can be found in [13].…”

“…However, the gas suspension effect also has large impact on whether this will occur or not. Simulation studies demonstrating the effect of gas suspension in this situation were presented in [8].…”

“…In this paper, we will use the transient flow model developed in [8] to study the pressure build-up when a kick migrates in a closed well for various kick sizes and suspension limits. The model includes both the bubble and slug flow regime and it will also be demonstrated what would be the effect of shifting the transition interval from bubble to slug flow.…”