Numerical modeling towards the safety assessment of multiple hydrogen fires in confined areas

Shibani,; Salehi, Fatemeh; Baalisampang, Til

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.057

Cited by 29 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…They found that charging a certain amount of inert gas into the confined space was the most effective dilution method for leaking hydrogen compared to ventilation control strategies. Salehi et al used a CFD method to model a real-scale tunnel with a hypothetical scenario of fire stemmed from leaking hydrogen. Published data on actual hydrogen leaks were then used to validate the accuracy of the model.…”

Section: Hydrogen Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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As fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are increasingly put on the market and hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) are built accordingly, fatal accidents caused by explosion due to hydrogen leakage are reported and have become a critical issue. The explosion results from complicated processes associated with the so-called hydrogen jet and diffusion when the hydrogen leaks from FCVs or HRSs, demonstrating its sophisticated characteristics and presenting significant technical challenges. Recently, particularly in the past a few years, researchers have established a variety of theoretical models to reveal the relevant mechanisms and introduced a series of monitoring/diagnostic approaches to detect and control the relevant hazards. This comprehensive review summarizes the major research outcomes and particularly the state-of-the-art progresses in relation to hydrogen leakage in FCVs and HRSs, including (1) subsonic jets, (2) underexpanded jets, (3) hydrogen diffusion behavior, (4) hazard reduction methods for confined and free spaces, (5) four types of widely used hydrogen detection technologies, and (6) the application of hydrogen leakage diagnostic methods in different systems. An insight of the review is that research on hydrogen leakage related to FCVs and HRSs should be combined with the relevant realistic characteristics. The characteristics of hydrogen jets generated in real gaps are discussed, and hazard reduction methods are proposed based on the characteristics of hydrogen diffusion in different confined and free spaces. It is suggested that, in order to integrate and evaluate multiple sensor data points and more accurately determine the leakage location and the leakage level, artificial intelligence technologies could be introduced to resolve the issues encountered currently.

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Section: Hydrogen Diffusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Hu,

Gao,

Cheng

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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show abstract

“…Malendowski and Glema conducted a CFD-based model to predict the fire action . Shibani used CFD simulation to assess the safety of multiple hydrogen fires in confined areas . At present, different CFD codes have been developed for the simulation of fire or explosion, such as FLACS, FLUENT, and FDS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics of Activated Carbon Modified via Liquid Phase Impregnation during Drying

Li,

Zhang,

Lyu

et al. 2023

ACS Omega

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Spontaneous combustion characteristics are important issues for the safe operation of the wet-modified activated carbon drying process. The spontaneous combustion characteristics of activated carbon modified via liquid phase impregnation were fully investigated in this study. The modified activated carbon was prepared using columnar activated carbon and 4-amino-1,2-butanediol solution. Physical properties and surface functional group analyses were performed for activated carbon before and after modification. The ignition temperature of activated carbon before and after modification was then characterized using the methods of GB/T20450–2006, thermogravimetry–derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), and TG–mass spectrometry (TG-MS). At the same time, the activation energy of activated carbon before and after modification was calculated by using thermodynamic analysis. Furthermore, a new self-designed test platform was introduced to investigate the spontaneous combustion characteristics of wet-modified activated carbon under the drying temperatures of 150, 175, 180, and 210 °C. The results show that the specific surface area of Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) is decreased by 368 m 2 ·g –1 , the total volume of pore size is decreased by 0.17 cm 3 ·g –1 , and the content of oxygen-containing functional groups is decreased by 0.071 mmol/g compared with row activated carbon. The ignition temperatures of the sample before modification characterized by the three methods are 483, 596, and 599 °C, respectively. The ignition temperatures of the sample after modification are 489, 607, and 611 °C, respectively. The activation energy of the modified activated carbon is increased by 35 kJ/mol compared to the original activated carbon. It is concluded that the temperature that triggers the modified activated carbon combustion during the drying process is between 175 and 180 °C, and the heat is mainly gathered at the longitudinal center of the combustion chamber through the investigation of spontaneous combustion experiments. The results in this study can contribute to safe production to prevent combustion in the process of modifying activated carbon during the drying process.

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Impacts of wind conditions on hydrogen leakage during refilling hydrogen-powered vehicles

Xie¹,

Rong²,

Chen³

et al. 2023

Energy Storage and Saving

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Numerical modeling towards the safety assessment of multiple hydrogen fires in confined areas

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Comprehensive Review of Hydrogen Leakage in Relation to Fuel Cell Vehicles and Hydrogen Refueling Stations: Status, Challenges, and Future Prospects

Spontaneous Combustion Characteristics of Activated Carbon Modified via Liquid Phase Impregnation during Drying

Impacts of wind conditions on hydrogen leakage during refilling hydrogen-powered vehicles

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