“…Although most reactivated landslides move slowly and rarely claim lives, they often inflict long-term damage to infrastructure, such as roads and buildings (Deng et al, 2016;Fang et al, 2023;Glastonbury & Fell, 2008;Lacroix et al, 2020). Moreover, in some cases, reactivated landslides undergo rapid acceleration and catastrophic failure, leading to extensive destruction and fatalities (Agliardi et al, 2020;Gao et al, 2023;He et al, 2021;Iverson et al, 2015;Palmer, 2017). evolution in slip zones is a prerequisite for stability assessment and engineering design of mitigation measures for ancient landslides (Di Maio et al, 2015;Skempton, 1985;Wen & Jiang, 2017).…”