Numerical modeling of lightning‐produced NOx using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three‐dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry

Zhang, Xingjun; Helsdon, John H.; Farley, Richard D.

doi:10.1029/2002jd003225

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Gas phase chemical processes are included in the model as described in Zhang et al (2003). This formulation has 18 reactions involving nine tracked chemical species including NO, NO 2 , O 3 , CH 4 , CO, OH and HO 2 , with HNO 3 as a sink.…”

Section: Rams (M Leriche and S Cautenet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection

et al. 2007

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Abstract. Transport and scavenging of chemical constituents in deep convection is important to understanding the composition of the troposphere and therefore chemistryclimate and air quality issues. High resolution cloud chemistry models have been shown to represent convective processing of trace gases quite well. To improve the representation of sub-grid convective transport and wet deposition in large-scale models, general characteristics, such as species mass flux, from the high resolution cloud chemistry models can be used. However, it is important to understand how these models behave when simulating the same storm. The intercomparison described here examines transport of six species. CO and O 3 , which are primarily transported, show good agreement among models and compare well with observations. Models that included lightning production of NO x reasonably predict NO x mixing ratios in the anvil compared with observations, but the NO x variability is much larger than that seen for CO and O 3 . Predicted anvil mixing ratios of the soluble species, HNO 3 , H 2 O 2 , and CH 2 O, exhibit significant differences among models, attributed to different schemes in these models of cloud processing including the role of the Correspondence to: M. C. Barth (barthm@ucar.edu) ice phase, the impact of cloud-modified photolysis rates on the chemistry, and the representation of the species chemical reactivity. The lack of measurements of these species in the convective outflow region does not allow us to evaluate the model results with observations.

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Section: Rams (M Leriche and S Cautenet)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection

et al. 2007

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“…Explicit electrical schemes have been used by Zhang et al (2003b) and Barthe et al (2007) to study LNO x . A small, isolated, short-lived 19 July 1989 Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE) cloud with simple chemistry was simulated using the Storm Electrification Model (SEM) (Zhang et al, 2003a, b).…”

Section: Lightning-produced No X In Cloud-resolving Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloud-resolving chemistry simulation of a Hector thunderstorm

et al. 2013

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Cloud chemistry simulations were performed for a Hector thunderstorm observed on 16 November 2005 during the SCOUT-O3/ACTIVE campaigns based in Darwin, Australia, with the primary objective of estimating the average NO production per lightning flash in this unique storm type which occurred in a tropical island environment. The 3-D WRF-Aqueous Chemistry (WRF-AqChem) model is used for these calculations and contains the WRF nonhydrostatic cloud-resolving model with online gas- and aqueous-phase chemistry and a lightning-NO_x (LNO_x) production algorithm. The model was initialized by inducing convection with an idealized morning sounding and sensible heat source, and initial condition chemical profiles from merged aircraft observations in undisturbed air. Many features of the idealized model storm, such as storm size and peak radar reflectivity, were similar to the observed storm. Tracer species, such as CO, used to evaluate convective transport in the simulated storm found vertical motion from the boundary layer to the anvil region was well represented in the model, with a small overestimate of enhanced CO at anvil altitudes. The lightning detection network (LINET) provided lightning flash data for the model and a lightning placement scheme injected the resulting NO into the simulated cloud. A lightning NO production scenario of 500 moles flash⁻¹ for both CG and IC flashes yielded anvil NO_x mixing ratios that compared well with aircraft observations and were also similar to those deduced for several convective modeling analyses in the midlatitudes and subtropics. However, these NO production values were larger than most estimates for tropical thunderstorms and given several uncertainties, LNO_x production may have been as large as 600 moles flash⁻¹. Approximately 85% of the simulated LNO_x mass was located above 7 km in the later stages of the storm, which was greater than amounts found for subtropical and midlatitude convection. Modeled upper tropospheric NO₂ partial columns were also considerably greater than most satellite observations of tropical marine convective events, as tropical island convection, such as Hector, is more vigorous and more productive of LNO_x. Additional research is needed to investigate whether LNO_x production per flash increases in storms with greater wind shear, such as this Hector storm, which showed significant variation in wind direction with altitude

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“…Except for the explicit electrical schemes (Zhang et al, 2003;, LNO x parameterizations distribute the NO molecules either where the radar reflectivity exceeds 20 dBZ or within cloudy regions where the temperature is colder than −15 • C (Pickering et al, 1998;DeCaria et al, 2000). A first approach has been made by Ott et al (2007) to simulate the filamentary aspect of a lightning flash.…”

Section: Description Of the Lightning-produced No X Parameterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The storm of 10 July 1996 during the STERAO campaign was simulated by eight different models. Two of the models used an explicit electrical scheme C. Barthe and M. C. Barth: LNO x parameterization and uncertainties for CRM 4693 (Helsdon et al, 1992;Barthe et al, 2005) coupled to a NO production by lightning flashes (Zhang et al, 2003;. Four other models used the parameterizations of Pickering et al (1998), DeCaria et al (2005 and Wang and Prinn (2000), while the remaining two models did not include a lightning production of NO parameterization.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two approaches for diagnosing LNO x production in CRMs can be distinguished. First, the LNO x production can be deduced from an explicit electrical scheme (Zhang et al, 2003; in which the lightning flash path is explicitly computed. This approach allows distributing the NO at the exact location of the simulated flash path, but complete explicit electrical schemes (cloud electrification and electric charge neutralization by lightning discharges) are only available in a few models (Helsdon et al, 1992;Mansell et al, 2002;Barthe et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of a new lightning-produced NOx parameterization for cloud resolving models and its associated uncertainties

Barthe

Barth

2008

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract.A new parameterization of the lightning-produced NO x has been developed for cloud-resolving models. This parameterization is based on the unique characteristics of identifying which convective cells are capable of producing lightning based on a vertical velocity threshold and estimating the lightning flash rate in each convective cell from the non-precipitation and precipitation ice mass flux product. Further, the source location is filamentary instead of volumetric as in most previous parameterizations.This parameterization has been tested on the 10 July 1996 Stratospheric-Tropospheric Experiment: Radiation, Aerosols and Ozone (STERAO) storm. Comparisons of the simulated flash rate and NO mixing ratio (control experiment) with observations at different locations and stages of the storm show good agreement. An individual flash produces on average 121±41 moles of NO (7.3±2.5×10 25 molecules NO) for the simulated high cloud base, high shear storm that is dominated by intra-cloud flash activity. Sensitivity tests have been performed to study the impact of the flash rate, the cloud-to-ground flash ratio, the flash length, the spatial distribution of the NO molecules, and the production rate per flash on the NO concentration and distribution. Results show a strong impact from the flash rate, the spatial placement of the lightning-NO x source and the number of moles produced per flash. On the other hand, the simulations show almost no impact from the different cloud-to-ground (CG) ratios and the lightning-NO x production rates per CG flash used as input to the model.

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Numerical modeling of lightning‐produced NO_x using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three‐dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection

Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection

Cloud-resolving chemistry simulation of a Hector thunderstorm

Evaluation of a new lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub> parameterization for cloud resolving models and its associated uncertainties

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Numerical modeling of lightning‐produced NOx using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three‐dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection

Cloud-scale model intercomparison of chemical constituent transport in deep convection

Cloud-resolving chemistry simulation of a Hector thunderstorm

Evaluation of a new lightning-produced NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt; parameterization for cloud resolving models and its associated uncertainties

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Numerical modeling of lightning‐produced NO_x using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three‐dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry

Evaluation of a new lightning-produced NO<sub>x</sub> parameterization for cloud resolving models and its associated uncertainties