“…Cohesive zone models have been widely used for fracture nucleation and growth in elastic and poroelastic solids (Simoni and Secchi, 2003;Papanastasiou, 2011, 2013;Yao et al, 2015;Carrier and Granet, 2012;Chen, 2012;Yao et al, 2015). The cohesive zone model originates from the theory proposed by Dugdale (1960) and Barenblatt (1962) to overcome the stress singularity ahead of the fracture tip.…”