Numerical Modeling of Facial Aging

Pitanguy, Ivo; Pamplona, Djenane; Weber, Hans Ingo; Leta, Fabiana Rodrigues; Salgado, Francisco; Radwanski, Henrique N.

doi:10.1097/00006534-199807000-00033

Cited by 49 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The last age class (men and women between 31-40 years of age) should represent the beginning of aging, and correspond to "middle-aged adults" (Gualdi-Russo, 1998;Pitanguy et al, 1998;Ferrario et al, 1999aFerrario et al, , 2001a.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differences in women were less evident; apparently, females retain more of their childhood appearance in shape than males (Enlow, 1990). This finding is limited to selected facial landmarks and does not consider the actual appearance of the soft tissues (Pitanguy et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contemporary Western society, the number of aged persons is increasing, as well as their demand for health care previously typical of younger people (Gualdi-Russo, 1998;Pitanguy et al, 1998;Ferrario et al, 1999aFerrario et al, , 2001a. Maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists thus require new reference standards for these age groups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: A computerized three‐dimensional mesh diagram analysis

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The normal growth, development, and aging of facial soft tissues was studied by three-dimensional (3D) computerized mesh diagram analysis. The 3D coordinates of 50 soft-tissue landmarks were collected from 591 healthy white northern Italians (351 males, 240 females) 6-40 years of age. For each gender and age class, mean values were computed, and a standardized mesh of equidistant horizontal, vertical, and anterior-posterior lines was constructed. Within each age group, male meshes were superimposed on female meshes. For each gender, the 6-year-old reference mesh was superimposed on the reference mesh of each age group. The global (size plus shape) difference was evaluated by calculating the relevant displacement vectors for each landmark. Consequently, a size normalization was carried out and the shape difference was evaluated by calculating new relevant displacement vectors for each landmark. Growth and development were different along the three spatial planes: the largest increment was observed in the vertical dimension, with major modifications in the soft-tissue profile. The vertical dimension in males increased even after 30 years of age: ear dimensions increased, trichion moved superiorly and posteriorly, and pogonion, menton, and gonion moved anteriorly and inferiorly. In all age groups, size-standardized shape differences were found in the forehead, lower-third facial profile, eyes, cheeks, and ears. In each age class, male dimensions were larger than female dimensions. During childhood, gender differences in size were limited; shape differences were even less manifest. Overall, the profile was more anterior and inferior, the gonia were more inferior and more lateral, the forehead was more anterior, and the ears were larger in males than in females of corresponding age.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: A computerized three‐dimensional mesh diagram analysis

et al. 2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results of this study could potentially be useful for plastic surgeons in various cosmetic procedures if the parameters a and b obtained could be connected to the ratio between the original thickness, H , and the thickness after expansion, t [Pitanguy et al 1998]. When we combined the results in this manner, it became clear that the parameters of the first patient that received skin expansion of the scalp did not fit well with the other three patients, as seen in Figure 5.…”

Section: 4mentioning

confidence: 92%

Characterization of human skin through skin expansion

Pamplona

Carvalho

2012

J. Mech. Mater. Struct.

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study characterized human skin of the lower leg and scalp during the surgical process of skin expansion. To our knowledge, this is the first study in this field, which has provided results that considerably improve our understanding of human skin. A detailed in vivo analysis was carried out involving four different patients that allowed for observation during the relaxation process. A comparison between the in vivo and numerical finite elements model of the expansion was used to identify the material elastic parameters of the skin. After a comprehensive search of constitutive equations for describing skin, Delfino's constitutive equation was chosen to model the in vivo results. We considered skin as an isotropic, homogeneous, hyperelastic, and incompressible membrane. The parameters of Delfino's exponential function obtained for the first skin stretch process were a = 40.0 KPa and b = 20.2. As skin is extended, such as with expanders or in other procedures that tighten the skin, the collagen fibers are also extended and cause stiffening in the skin, which results in it being more and more resistant to expansion or further stretching. We observed this phenomenon as an increase in parameters a and b as subsequent expansions continued. The results of this study allow for the quantification of stiffening of the skin after several stretches, when the skin becomes more and more inelastic. These results are very encouraging and provide insight into our understanding of the behavior of stretched skin and maybe other biological tissues, as swollen artery and veins.A list of symbols can be found on page 653.

show abstract

“…The effects of the round-lifting technique were studied by analyzing the mechanical forces applied and the displacements produced. 21,22 The method of finite elements was employed and, by means of computers, the relevant equations were defined. Human skin was modeled as a pseudoelastic, isotropic, noncompressible and homogeneous membrane, and a computational study of the fields of displacement and the forces ap- plied to the flaps during a rhytidoplasty demonstrated that pulling on the skin creates areas of tension that can be either negative or positive.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Round-Lifting Technique

Pitanguy¹

2000

Facial Plast Surg

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aging of the face is a frequent complaint in today's youth-oriented society. Competition and successfulness, in social and professional circles, are intimately related to how a person reflects, in his or her physical appearance, an inner well-being. Regardless of chronologic age, it is imperative that the surgeon perform a problem-oriented, detailed analysis of the face and each subunit so that specific conditions can be individually assessed as they apply to the harmonic balance of the whole. It is generally assumed that the most common source of unfavorable results following a rhytidectomy is patient dissatisfaction. This fact stresses the importance of correctly identifying the patient's expectations. Therefore, perhaps as important as the technical procedure is a correct diagnosis of the deformity and a thorough interpretation of the psychological motivations of each patient. The real goal of treatment is to reestablish the patient's inner well-being and to balance how he or she interprets this self-image in relation to the external world, without denoting that a facial rejuvenation procedure has been done.

show abstract

Numerical Modeling of Facial Aging

Cited by 49 publications

References 1 publication

Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: A computerized three‐dimensional mesh diagram analysis

Growth and aging of facial soft tissues: A computerized three‐dimensional mesh diagram analysis

Characterization of human skin through skin expansion

The Round-Lifting Technique

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About