“…In applications, however, unavoidable defects (e.g. cracks) in these materials exist, which requires us to analyze the fracture behavior of cracks in MEE media (Chen, 2009;Feng et al, 2010;Gao and Noda, 2004;Li et al, 2009;Rojas-Dı´az et al, 2010;Wang, 2012;Zhao et al, 2010;Zhong, 2009;Gao et al, 2003aGao et al, , 2003bJiang and Pan, 2004;Liu et al, 2001).…”