Numerical kinetic model with regularization for NR–PB natural and poly-butadiene rubber blends: implementation and validation against experimental data

Relation between activation energy and induction in rubber sulfur vulcanization: An experimental study

“…In particular, it is evident that adding PB into NR increases considerably the activation energy, yielding more stability to the blend in the mixing phase at high temperature, but at the same time expanding considerably induction, especially at moderate‐low curing temperatures (e.g., 140–150°C). Furthermore, according also to previous studies by the authors, 33–36 it can be affirmed that PB has the advantage to drastically reduce reversion (and consequently the % of devulcanization), especially at high temperatures.…”

“…In such a temperature range, waiting time is of the order of magnitude of 1–3 h. Such values also represent a drawback for PB vulcanization, which shows very long induction at 150°C when only DPG is used as activator. An increase of DPG concentration has certainly the effect to reduce induction, but at the same time is responsible for a remarkable reversion, as discussed in previous papers by the authors 33–36 …”

“…Internal mixers like Banbury or twin screw extruders, on the other hand, exhibit strong variations of temperature in the phase of mixing, and the temperature control is in practice impossible. In any case, numerical FE models simulating the mixing process are still missing (only a few papers deal with the determination of temperature profiles of tyres and electric cables during vulcanization 13–24 ) as well as comprehensive experimental studies aimed at monitoring the temperature evolution during the phase of mixing. In any case, there are no specifics regarding temperatures and times to adopt in the mixing phase in order to obtain blends with a reasonably good dispersion of the ingredients, avoiding at the same time prevulcanization.…”

Effects of modified silica on the co‐vulcanization kinetics and mechanical performances of natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber blends

“…Many works were devoted into those problems. Gabriele Milani and coworkers presented very practical kinetic models for NR and polybutadiene (PB) blends . For example, they found that NR was modeled with a primary vulcanization and a subsequent de‐vulcanization and PB only by a simple first order model of vulcanization.…”

“…Gabriele Milani and coworkers presented very practical kinetic models for NR and polybutadiene (PB) blends. [10][11][12][13] For example, they found that NR was modeled with a primary vulcanization and a subsequent de-vulcanization and PB only by a simple first order model of vulcanization. Moreover, for practical use, they also used an integrated experimental, kinetic, and finite element Fe modeling approach to optimize the production of tires.…”