Numerical investigation on fire accident and evacuation in a urban tunnel for different traffic conditions

Should We Expect a Disastrous Fire Accident in an Urban Road Tunnel? Literature Data Review and a Case Study for Selected Tunnels in Poland

“…Tunnel safety systems should cope successfully with such fires. However, it may happen that a number of people will be exposed temporarily to toxic smoke [36]. In contrast to this, a high or very high power fire (much higher than 20 MW) could lead to many casualties, many vehicles burned, and even significant damage of a tunnel structure [37].…”

Influence of Light Wavelengths on Visibility in Smoke during a Tunnel Fire

“…The fire safety problem in traffic tunnels is the subject of extensive research and analysis presented in many scientific publications. In recent years, the key research directions include the analyses of tunnel ventilation performance in the event of a fire and the analyses of fire smoke spread [1][2][3][4]. Other major directions include technical solutions for reducing smoke density in the tunnel interiors and improving the effectiveness of rescue operations [5][6][7][8], organizational solutions and procedures aimed at reducing risk level [9,10] or analyses the effectiveness of both self-evacuation and rescue operations [1,[11][12][13].…”

“…In recent years, the key research directions include the analyses of tunnel ventilation performance in the event of a fire and the analyses of fire smoke spread [1][2][3][4]. Other major directions include technical solutions for reducing smoke density in the tunnel interiors and improving the effectiveness of rescue operations [5][6][7][8], organizational solutions and procedures aimed at reducing risk level [9,10] or analyses the effectiveness of both self-evacuation and rescue operations [1,[11][12][13]. A fire in traffic tunnels is always associated with an increase in the risk of people and emergency services operating in the area being trapped inside.…”

Influence of architectural and planning solutions on fire risk in public buildings

“…The cause of death in such situations is almost always improper operation of the facility in terms of fire safety, which leads to the inability to evacuate in a timely manner. Extreme conditions for evacuation, unpreparedness of people for a fire, ignorance of the evacuation plan, and often complex architectural and planning solutions of the building -all this negatively affects the time it takes to get out of the building when a fire risk occurs [13][14][15][16]. Thus, more than half of the smoke victims die on the spot.…”

“…Thus, more than half of the smoke victims die on the spot. About 42% of the victims are severely poisoned, of whom one in three subsequently dies [12][13][14][15][16][17].…”