Numerical investigation on explosion hazards of lithium-ion battery vented gases and deflagration venting design in containerized energy storage system

Advances and challenges in thermal runaway modeling of lithium-ion batteries

“…Explosion consequences are generally assessed using premixed (or partly premixed) gas explosion models based on CFD. 190 , 191 , 192 Note that venting is a dynamic, continuous process in battery modules and broader TRP, implying that the probability and consequences of an explosion also vary dynamically. Thus, simulations based on specific states are not comprehensive.…”