“…In any dynamic analysis, the finite element size has to be selected carefully to ensure the accuracy of results. In general, the element size of the FE model was estimated based on the smallest wavelength that allows the high-frequency motion to be simulated correctly [30]. Accordingly, the sizes of used 3D finite elements were taken as 0.05 × 0.15 × 0.1, 0.075 × 0.08 × 0.1 0.13 × 0.11 × 0.1, 0.13 × 0.24 × 0.1, and 0.4 × 0.56 × 0.1 for the ballast, top layer, bottom layer, embankment, and foundation, respectively.…”