Numerical investigation of droplet evaporation in high-pressure dual-fuel conditions using a tabulated real-fluid model

Modeling and LES of high-pressure liquid injection under evaporating and non-evaporating conditions by a real fluid model and surface density approach

“…The numerical solution of the transport equations is based on a modified Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operator (PISO) algorithm [34] for the pressure-velocity coupling. The accuracy of the employed PISO algorithm under trans/supercritical conditions has been validated in the authors previous work [36,35,27] and will be further demonstrated in the results section under the considered conditions. The solution procedure of the governing equations using the PISO algorithm is summarized in Appendix A.…”

“…During the simulation, the tabulated quantities are interpolated using the inverse distance weighting method (IDW) [74]. The thermodynamic table is coupled with the CONVERGE CFD solver [66] as detailed in [35,27,36].…”

“…The latter model is further used to explore the interaction between phase separation and turbulent fluid dynamics for nhexane injection into supercritical nitrogen [36]. Moreover, the proposed thermodynamic tabulation approach [35,36] has been further developed to handle ternary mixtures and applied to investigate fuel droplet evaporation under high-pressure dual-fuel conditions [27]. The aforementioned studies have proved that the tabulation approach can be efficient and reliable, especially for complex cases, allowing for significant savings in terms of computational cost.…”

“…Based on the above discussion, the current study proposes a more generalized approach based on an efficient Eulerian diffuse interface two-phase real-fluid model (RFM) [27,36,35] that can represent the coexistence of multi-component subcritical and supercritical thermodynamic states and allows a smooth transition between the different thermodynamic regimes. The RFM model is a fully compressible multi-component two-phase model closed by a thermodynamic equilibrium tabulation method.…”

Instabilities in three-dimensional boundary-layer flows with a highly non-ideal fluid

“…Non-ideal fluids are being recognised to show great potential in the sector of energy and aerospace. For example, supercritical CO 2 turbines improve energy production efficiency compared with conventional steam turbines (Irwin & Le Moullec 2017); dual-fuel internal combustion engines consume cleaner renewable fuels that are highly non-ideal in the evaporation and mixing stage (Gaballa et al 2022); the performance of liquid rocket engines relies on the property of supercritical propellants (Nasuti & Pizzarelli 2021). Besides swept wings, CF instability is essential in any flow that contains three-dimensional (3-D) boundary layers, cf.…”