“…Further, errors can G. Byrnes and others accumulate because the numerical integration process does not perfectly capture the actual continuous signal being measured. Finally, integration of the random noise in the signal yields a rootmean-squared output that increases with integration time (similar to a random walk) (Thong et al, 2004).…”
Section: Validation and Error Estimation Of Vertical Displacementmentioning
SUMMARY
Gliding is thought to be an economical form of locomotion. However, few data on the climbing and gliding of free-ranging gliding mammals are available. This study employed an animal-borne three-dimensional acceleration data-logging system to collect continuous data on the climbing and gliding of free-ranging Malayan colugos, Galeopterus variegatus. We combined these movement data with empirical estimates of the metabolic costs to move horizontally or vertically to test this long-standing hypothesis by determining whether the metabolic cost to climb to sufficient height to glide a given distance was less than the cost to move an equivalent distance horizontally through the canopy. On average, colugos climb a short distance to initiate glides. However, due to the high energetic cost of climbing, gliding is more energetically costly to move a given horizontal distance than would be predicted for an animal travelling the same distance through the canopy. Furthermore, because colugos spend a small fraction of their time engaged in locomotor activity, the high costs have little effect on their overall energy budget. As a result, the energetic economy hypothesis for the origins of gliding is not supported. It is likely that other ecologically relevant factors have played a greater role in the origins of gliding in colugos and other mammals.
“…Further, errors can G. Byrnes and others accumulate because the numerical integration process does not perfectly capture the actual continuous signal being measured. Finally, integration of the random noise in the signal yields a rootmean-squared output that increases with integration time (similar to a random walk) (Thong et al, 2004).…”
Section: Validation and Error Estimation Of Vertical Displacementmentioning
SUMMARY
Gliding is thought to be an economical form of locomotion. However, few data on the climbing and gliding of free-ranging gliding mammals are available. This study employed an animal-borne three-dimensional acceleration data-logging system to collect continuous data on the climbing and gliding of free-ranging Malayan colugos, Galeopterus variegatus. We combined these movement data with empirical estimates of the metabolic costs to move horizontally or vertically to test this long-standing hypothesis by determining whether the metabolic cost to climb to sufficient height to glide a given distance was less than the cost to move an equivalent distance horizontally through the canopy. On average, colugos climb a short distance to initiate glides. However, due to the high energetic cost of climbing, gliding is more energetically costly to move a given horizontal distance than would be predicted for an animal travelling the same distance through the canopy. Furthermore, because colugos spend a small fraction of their time engaged in locomotor activity, the high costs have little effect on their overall energy budget. As a result, the energetic economy hypothesis for the origins of gliding is not supported. It is likely that other ecologically relevant factors have played a greater role in the origins of gliding in colugos and other mammals.
“…Finally, both approaches present errors due to numerical calculus. The force and the velocity that are estimated by using encoders are affected by high frequency errors related to the numerical differentiation (40), while the velocity that is estimated by using accelerometers is affected by a low drift that is introduced by the numerical integration (41). Errors due to numerical integration affect the accuracy of the computed linear velocity more than those related to the numerical differentiation.…”
The mathematical relationship between the force and the velocity as determined during isoinertial progressive resistance strength tests is being extensively used for the assessment of neuromuscular qualities and for a targeted resistance training. The reliability of this relationship depends on the reliability of the collected force and velocity values. This reliability can be jeopardized by several factors such as: 1) an erroneous movement execution; 2) an improper load assignment; 3) a useless number of performed repetitions; 4) an inadequate rest interval between sets of repetitions; 5) an improper use of the measurement device and of the relevant computing methods. The aim of this contribution is to provide the operator with a list of good practice rules retrieved from the specific scientific literature concerning the instrumented assessment of muscle strength during isoinertial resistance exercises.
“…Selain itu, penelitian lain mengenai kesalahan akibat proses integrasi dan diferensiasi numerik terhadap sinyal hasil pengukuran juga telah dilakukan oleh Zandt [2] sedangkan penelitian lain mengenai pengaruh sinyal pengganggu terhadap hasil integrasi dan diferensiasi sinyal dapat dilihat pada makalah yang dibuat oleh Zandt [2], Thong et al [3], dan Avitabile et al [4].…”
ABSTRAKDalam pengukuran getaran, proses integrasi sering dilakukan terhadap sinyal percepatan maupun kecepatan getaran. Proses integrasi ini biasanya dilakukan secara numerik dalam DSA (Dynamic Signal Analyzer) sehingga hasil integrasi memiliki nilai penyimpangan terhadap nilai sebenarnya (teoritik). Mengingat seringnya proses ini dilakukan dalam praktik, maka pada makalah ini disajikan metode integrasi numerik dengan frekuensi batas yang telah dikembangkan. Metode ini mampu mereduksi sinyal pengganggu pada hasil integrasi numerik. Untuk menguji kebenaran persamaan integrasi numerik yang telah diperoleh, nilai dari persamaan tersebut perlu divalidasi baik dengan simulasi numerik maupun dengan eksperimen. Berdasarkan hasil validasi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa persamaan yang telah diperoleh sudah benar.Kata kunci: Metode integrasi, pengukuran getaran, sinyal gangguan.
ABSTRACT
In vibration measurements, integration process is often performed to acceleration as well as velocity signals. This integration process is usually done numerically in DSA (
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