“…Smeared degradation of the mechanical properties of the finite elements in the fragmentation zone, accompanied by time step dependent element elimination, has been used in simulation codes [10] to reduce these numerical effects. However, despite some older publications [11][12][13][14] and more recent applications reporting considerable success, e.g. [15], it is widely agreed that simulation of the fragmentation process requires improved finite element modelling that can better approximate the damage and fracture mechanisms that occur in the fragmentation zone.…”