Numerical calculations of intracavity dye Q-switched ruby laser

Modeling sub-nanosecond pulsed laser dynamics using the exponential time difference method

“…The process of absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission inside the laser can be described by the coupled rate equations [3,4]. The rate equation that models the intensities of the signals in photon flux per square meter is:…”

“…σ 01 (λ) and σ e (λ) are the absorption and emission cross sections, respectively, and σ 12 (λ) is the excited state absorption cross section. g ± (x) is the geometric factor and E(λ) is the emission probability [3]. τ is the life time of the Rhodamine 6G.…”

“…The dynamics of sub-nanosecond gain switched dye lasers can be accurately modeled using the rate equations [2]. Traditional numerical methods like the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the Runge-Kutta method are commonly used to solve the rate equations [3]. However, gain-switched dye laser systems are highly nonlinear stiff systems where the absorption of pumping photons and amplification of lasing photons can cause both pump and lasing fields to vary exponentially over short periods of time along the cavity.…”

Virtual simulation experiment in the course Laser Principles and Techniques for undergraduates

“…The software contains three main modules (laser generating, laser propagation and laser controlling), which can be subdivided into the following eight secondary modules: 1) Laser Output Characteristics Module. The transient laser output characteristics and the relaxation oscillation process in different laser gain mediums, such as Nd:YAG [1], Ti: Sapphire [2] and Ruby [3], can be simulated in this module. The fourth-order Runge-Kutta method is used to provide numerical solution of the rate equations with sufficient accuracy.…”

Diffusion of chromium in sapphire: The effects of electron beam irradiation

“…If corundum has more than 1000 ppm Cr 3+ ions as impurities, it is referred to as a ruby. Rubies can be used in solid-state lasers [2], and they fetch high prices in gem markets. Chromium can be substituted for the aluminum in corundum and is present as chromium oxide.…”