“…The x-axis is the average temperature of the granular bed [T bed = (T h + T c )/2]. The scatters are the results calculated based on our model, and the solid lines are from the data of Bu et al 21,33 As shown in Figure 8b,c, the computed results of our model are in good agreement with the data of Bu et al, 21,33 and little error exists for k λ , k c , k r , and k eff . Therefore, k λ , k c , and k r can be calculated independently to obtain the ETC of the granular bed (Section 2.3), and the model and computational method in this paper are verified and are valid to calculate the ETC of the granular bed.…”