“…Nanoparticles have been researched and developed (Wang et al , 2020a, 2020 b) for a long time as a kind of additives with special performance (He et al , 2017; Ren et al , 2020; Jason et al , 2020). Compared with traditional additives, nanoparticles are appealing by virtue of their chemical and thermal stability under tribological conditions (Abd-Elwaheda et al , 2020; Dang et al , 2021). Nanoparticles as additives can be roughly divided into metals and their oxides, sulfur, phosphate, carbon-based compounds and their derivatives (Sharma et al , 2019).…”