Numerical and experimental investigations into the rheological behaviour of wet foam flowing under a fence

Green approaches for biofilm eradication: Enhancing cleaning efficiency

“…Studies have shown that this method is highly effective in removing bacillus spores (up to 4 log reduction) and biofilms (more than 2.2 log reduction), such as E. coli , P. fluorescens PF1, and Bacillus cereus , from stainless steel surfaces compared to standard CIP procedures (less than 2 log reduction for both, spores and biofilms) (Al Saabi et al, 2021; Dallagi, Aloui, Bouvier, et al, 2022; Dallagi, Faille, Bouvier, et al, 2022; Dallagi, Faille, Gruescu, et al, 2022). Moreover, this method has the potential to substantially reduce water and energy consumption, leading to a significant reduction in environmental impact by up to 80%, as demonstrated by life cycle assessment (Dallagi, Aloui, Bouvier, et al, 2022, Dallagi, Faille, Bouvier, et al, 2022, Dallagi, Faille, Gruescu, et al, 2022). Notably, immersing the contaminated surfaces in biosurfactant alone did not have any effect on cleaning.…”

“…Understanding the nuances and challenges associated with each cleaning method is crucial for effective contamination control and product safety. Therefore, it is crucial to optimize the cleaning procedure or explore new strategies to combat biofilm‐related challenges by ensuring better hygiene while minimizing resource consumption and environmental impacts (Dallagi, 2022). In this context, various approaches have been explored in CIP and COP processes, including physical, chemical, and biological methods.…”

“…By dislodging and removing biofilm layers, physical methods offer an initial step in the cleaning process. The efficiency of physical cleaning methods in removing biofilms is influenced by parameters such as velocity, shear stress fluctuations, turbulence structures, and kinetic energy (Burfoot & Middleton, 2009; Dallagi et al, 2023; Dallagi, Aloui, Bouvier, et al, 2022; Dallagi, Faille, Bouvier, et al, 2022; Dallagi, Faille, Gruescu, et al, 2022). These factors impact the force applied to the biofilm, its detachment from the surface, and the mixing of cleaning agents.…”

“…This not only reduces bacterial adherence and biofilm production but also enhances the efficacy of cleaning (Marchand et al, 2012). Some specific areas of the equipment, such as corners, cracks, gaskets, valves, joints, and dead ends, are a major point of concern as they can act as locus points for biofilm formation and are generally considered difficult to clean (Dallagi et al, 2019, 2024; Dallagi, Aloui, Bouvier, et al, 2022; Dallagi, Faille, Bouvier, et al, 2022; Dallagi, Faille, Gruescu, et al, 2022; Marchand et al, 2012). Welding is another type of imperfection that exists in the processing lines and can contribute to a number of hygiene problems, as the crevices present within them (produced as a result of improper welding and finishing processes) can retain some products.…”