Numerical and experimental analysis of a flame-retardant polymer material after extrusion through the printing nozzle of fused filament fabrication system

3D direct ink printed materials for chemical conversion and environmental remediation applications: a review

“…Ni et al investigated the printing of flame retardant plastics, such as acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP), by applying a numerical approach using finite element (FEM)-based software, COMSOL Multiphysics®, aiming to overcome nozzle clogging and establish optimal three-dimensional (3D)-printing parameters. 81 The fully melted ABS or APP was fitted to the Bird–Carreau viscosity model showing the temperature distribution, melting evaluation, pressure and velocity distribution in the nozzle for the 3D printed flame retardants. Yilmaz et al proposed that the wall shear rate and shear stress, flow uniformity at the die exit and pressure drop through the dire were the critical factors for designing plastic extrusion dies.…”