Numerical Analysis of Impact Fracture of Laminated Glass - A Review

Abstract

IntroductionLG comprises of two layers of glass and one or more layers of polymer film (inter-layer) that is sandwiched in-between by putting under heat and pressure. Inter-layer improves mechanical properties like impact strength, fracture toughness and failure mode of LG [1]. As area of impact increases there is possibility of increment of the impact resistance. The fracture of LG is designed so as to the Inter layer keeps together broken pieces that can possibly cause dangerous incidents or accidents. The LG dampens the energy of impact and improves the brittle fracture behavior when compared with monolithic glass. This functionality forces designers to use LG wherever there may be an injury risk due to glass fracture. A good no of theoretical studies [2][3][4][5][6][7][8], experimental studies [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] numerical studies [10,, LS DYNA and ABAQUS based studies [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and discrete element (DE)/finite element (FE) based studies are reported to analyze impact failure of LG. The present work is focused on reviewing the numerical algorithms used to model the impact fracture of LG. Literature ReviewImpact failure analysis of LG is commonly done experimentally followed by numerical simulations. The failure processes of LG due to impact analyzed during pre-failure, failure and post-failure stages. Analytical models are commonly employed to describe the mechanical performance of LG for the pre and post-failure stages [46][47][48][49][50]. The post-failure response of LG is also explained by numerical simulations [51,52] and experiments. The literature frequently focuses on the principal damage pattern and glass-ply cracking. The commonly used numerical algorithms sighted in the literature for impact simulation are element deletion method (EDM), the continuum damage mechanics (CDM), the discrete element method (DEM), the combined discrete/finite element methods (DEM/FEMs), the extended finite element method (XFEM) and the cohesive zone model (CZM). The adhesion modeling is usually simulated using shared node method, the penalty-based methods and the intrinsic CZM. The EDM consist of removal of the mass of elements from the global mass matrix or set the stress of elements to zero, so as to represent the failure of these elements (used in LS-DYNA). This method is used in [53,54]. Xu et al. developed a numerical model on LG-PVB subjected to low-speed impact. The LG was impacted by a standard head form impactor at the speed of 8 m/s based on the LS-DYNA platform. The results were compared with the dynamic experiments of LG-PVB under head form impact to find the most accurate FE model [55]. Pyttel et al. [56] have found failure benchmark norm for the LG when subjected to impact loading. It has been stated that a hazardous energy threshold should be reached during a finite expanse before failure took place. To regulate the norm and estimate its precision, various tests with curved and plain samples of LG were p...

Effect of Novel Thermo-Chemical Treatment on Bending Strength of Laminated Glass

“…The results of experimentation were compared with the simulation (using ANSYS 14.5) results. The linear elastic model was used; the properties of glass, PVB, the material model and simulation method used are similar as used in (Vedrtnam and Pawar, 2017a;2017b;2017c;Sharma et al, 2017;Vedrtnam and Pawar, 2017d). The flexural behavior of LG-PVB samples was simulated using FE linear elastic model in ANSYS 14.5 (for threepoint bending test).…”

“…structural and other applications of LG (Vedrtnam and Pawar, 2017a;2017b;2017c;Sharma et al, 2017;Vedrtnam and Pawar, 2017d;2018;2017e;Vedrtnam, 2018;Hooper, 1973;Behr et al, 1993;Edel, 1997;Norville et al, 1998;Asik and Tezcan, 2005;Serafinaviciusa et al, 2013;Louter et al, 2012;Belis et al, 2009;Seshadri et al, 2002;Biolzi et al, 2010;Ivanov, 2006;Shelton and Mauro, 2010;Calderone et al, 2009;Serafinavičius et al, 2013;Galuppi and Carfagni, 2014;Pickett et al, 2004). The LG samples with 5 mm thick glass plates with an interlayer of PVB of 1.52 mm thickness were prepared using the autoclave.…”

“…The treatment method would have an added advantage if that can be employed in operating LG component to encounter sub-critical growth of cracks during aging, the roughness of the edges during operation, the stress corrosion and the stress concentration. The description of LG and fracture of LG is discussed in (Vedrtnam and Pawar, 2017a;2017b;2017c;Sharma et al, 2017;Vedrtnam and Pawar, 2017d). The mechanical properties of the LG are often determined by bending tests (along with impact and blast performance), due to its significance in…”

Novel method for improving fatigue behaviour of laminated glass

“…Explicit Dynamics Module in ANSYS 14.5 (transient analysis) was used for simulating the fatigue test. The properties of glass and PVB are taken from Vedrtnam and Pawar (Table ). The loading and boundary conditions were taken similar to the experimentation.…”

Comparative evaluation of novel thermo-chemical treatment methods for improved impact performance of laminated glass

“…59–62 The mechanical properties of the LG are often determined by bending tests (along with impact and blast performance), due to its significance in structural and other applications of LG. 63–84 The discussion on fracture is important as the size of fragment, amount of damage, and fracture pattern can be directly correlated with the safety.…”