“…The strong advantage of CFD-DEMsimulations toward other multiphase models, e.g., Discrete Phase Simulations (DPM) is that particle-particle-interactions are directly taken into account, and the flow modifications taking place in dense, which is examined by Ashraf Ali et al (2014). CFD-DEM calculations are so-called four-way coupling methods, which means that 1) the particles can collide with each other and with the reactor walls, 2) the fluid (continuous phase) influences the particles, 3) particle disturbance of the fluid locally affects another particle's motion (an effect known as particle swarm), and 4) the particles have an influence on the fluid flow.…”