Numbers can be worth a thousand pictures: Individual differences in understanding graphical and numerical representations of health-related information.

Gaissmaier, Wolfgang; Wegwarth, Odette; Skopec, David; Müller, Ann-Sophie; Broschinski, Sebastian; Politi, Mary C.

doi:10.1037/a0024850

Cited by 148 publications

(174 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…We used circles to represent the number of terror suspects because previous research (Gaissmaier et al, 2012;Stone, Yates, & Parker, 1997) did not find differences in effects of arrays with faces compared to more abstract symbols. For half of the participants, black circles represented the terror suspects who were not correctly identified by the technique, and white circles were used to represent this number for the other half.…”

Section: Design and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On avoiding framing effects in experienced decision makers

García‐Retamero

Dhami

2013

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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The present study aimed to (a) demonstrate the effect of positive–negative framing on experienced criminal justice decision makers, (b) examine the debiasing effect of visually structured risk messages, and (c) investigate whether risk perceptions mediate the debiasing effect of visual aids on decision making. In two phases, 60 senior police officers estimated the accuracy of a counterterrorism technique in identifying whether a known terror suspect poses an imminent danger and decided whether they would recommend the technique to policy makers. Officers also rated their confidence in this recommendation. When information about the effectiveness of the counterterrorism technique was presented in a numerical format, officers' perceptions of accuracy and recommendation decisions were susceptible to the framing effect: The technique was perceived to be more accurate and was more likely to be recommended when its effectiveness was presented in a positive than in a negative frame. However, when the information was represented visually using icon arrays, there were no such framing effects. Finally, perceptions of accuracy mediated the debiasing effect of visual aids on recommendation decisions. We offer potential explanations for the debiasing effect of visual aids and implications for communicating risk to experienced, professional decision makers.

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Section: Design and Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On avoiding framing effects in experienced decision makers

García‐Retamero

Dhami

2013

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology

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“…El grupo de jóvenes con bajas habilidades gráficas incluye a aquellos participantes con 8 respuestas correctas o menos (n= 62, 51%), mientras que el de jóvenes con altas habilidades gráficas incluye a los participantes con 9 respuestas correctas o más (n= 59, 49%). El grupo de mayores con bajas habilidades gráficas incluye a aquellos participantes con 7 respuestas correctas o menos (n= 66, 49%), mientras que el grupo de mayores con altas habilidades gráficas incluye a quienes obtuvieron 8 respuestas correctas o más (n= 70, 51%; véase Gaissmaier et al, 2012; para un procedimiento similar).…”

Section: Método Participantesunclassified

“…Las personas también difieren en su nivel de habilidades gráficas , es decir, muestran distintos niveles en su capacidad para comprender y utilizar la información presentada visualmente-una habilidad que es independiente de las habilidades numéricas (Gaissmaier et al, 2012). En concreto, varios trabajos recientes han puesto de manifiesto que los formatos visuales son más beneficiosos para aquellas personas con niveles moderados o relativamente altos en sus habilidades gráficas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Cómo Mejorar la Comprensión de los Riesgos Médicos en Personas Mayores

García‐Retamero

Muñoz

2013

RLP

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Older adults frequently make decisions about their health. However, they prefer to play a passive role in this process. A plausible explanation of this result is that they often have difficulties understanding information about medical risks. In a study, we investigated the extent to what older adults (n=136) understand information about the effectiveness of medical treatments. In particular, we compared accuracy of their inferences to that of young adults (n=121). Participants were classified according to their graph literacy skills and received information about the effectiveness of medical treatments in a numerical or a visual format. Our study shows that visual aids substantially increased accuracy of inferences in older adults. Older adults with high graph literacy benefit most from the use of visual aids. We conclude that visual aids are often highly effective, transparent, and reliable risk communication tools. We discuss the practical implication of our results for the design of health campaigns.Key words: Aging, Visual Displays, Risk Perception, Information Dissemination, Visual Perception. ResumenLos mayores con frecuencia toman decisiones sobre su salud. A pesar de ello, prefieren adoptar un rol pasivo en este proceso. Una explicación que se ha ofrecido sobre este hecho es que frecuentemente presentan serias dificultades a la hora de comprender la información que reciben sobre los riesgos médicos. En un estudio, hemos investigado el grado en que los mayores (n=136) comprenden la información sobre la efectividad de los tratamientos médicos. Concretamente, hemos comparado la precisión de las inferencias que éstos realizan con los juicios en adultos jóvenes (n=121). Para ello, hemos presentado la información sobre la efectividad de los tratamientos en formato numérico o visual y hemos clasificado a los participantes según su nivel de habilidades gráficas. Nuestro estudio pone de manifiesto que la precisión de las inferencias que realizan los mayores se incrementa considerablemente cuando la información se representa visualmente. Esto ocurre especialmente cuando presentan habilidades gráficas elevadas. Concluimos que el uso de formatos visuales puede ser un método efectivo, transparente, y fiable de comunicación de la información sobre los riesgos médicos y la salud, y mencionamos las implicaciones prácticas de nuestros resultados para el desarrollo de campañas de salud.Palabras claves: envejecimiento, medios visuales, percepción de riesgo, difusión de la información, percepción visual.

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“…Based on previous studies, graphical representation of health related information is the most preferred and attractive method for patients compared with numerical/ tabular display [43,44]. It is also an effective method of communicating medical risk information [45] that results in better comprehension because of attracting the patient attention and extracting better information with less effort [38].…”

Section:  Eligibility Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%