“…Research on drug-abusing women and men suggests that there are significant gender differences in the etiology of substance abuse, and researchers and clinicians have argued that treatment issues for women are different from those of men (Bloom, 1999;Covington & Surrey, 1997;Cranford & Williams, 1998;Grella & Joshi, 1999;Henderson, 1998;Messina, Wish, & Nemes, 2000;Shearer, 2003;Warren, et al, 2002;Wellisch, Anglin, & Prendergast, 1993;Wellisch, Prendergast, & Anglin, 1996). Compared with their male counterparts, drug-dependent women offenders are more likely to have extensive histories of sexual and physical abuse, coexisting psychiatric disorders, lower self-esteem, and more severe drug abuse histories (Deng, Vaughn, & Lee, 2003;Henderson, 1998;Langan & Pelissier, 2001;Owen & Bloom, 1995;Messina, Burdon, & Prendergast, 2003); a severe drug abuse history is a stronger predictor of criminal activity for women than for men (McClellan, Farabee, & Couch, 1997).…”