Number of X-chromosome genes influences social behavior and vasopressin gene expression in mice

Cox, Kimberly; Quinnies, Kayla M.; Eschendroeder, Alex; Didrick, Paula; Eugster, Erica A.; Rissman, Emilie F.

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.010

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…There is some evidence for this in animal models with altered numbers of sex chromosomes, as well as from aneuploid individuals with increased risk for ASD (XYY, XXY, XXYY, XXY) [6,55–57]. However, aneuploid individuals are relatively rare and often also exhibit sex hormone dysregulation, so these studies can be difficult to interpret, i.e.…”

Section: Sex Chromosome Theory: Is XX Protective or Is Xy A Risk Factor?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Ferri

Brodkin

2018

Curr Psychiatry Rep

270

181

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Recent work on the biological basis of the male preponderance of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders includes discussion of a higher genetic burden in females and sex-specific gene mutations or epigenetic changes that differentially confer risk to males or protection to females. Other mechanisms discussed are sex chromosome and sex hormone involvement. Specifically, fetal testosterone is involved in many aspects of development and may interact with neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, or immune pathways to contribute to male vulnerability. Finally, the possibilities of female underdiagnosis and a multi-hit hypothesis are discussed. This review highlights current theories of male bias in developmental disorders. Topics include environmental, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms; theories of sex chromosomes, hormones, neuroendocrine, and immune function; underdiagnosis of females; and a multi-hit hypothesis.

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Section: Sex Chromosome Theory: Is XX Protective or Is Xy A Risk Factor?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Ferri

Brodkin

2018

Curr Psychiatry Rep

270

181

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“…To better understand the mechanisms by which sex-chromosome aneuploidies impact phenotypes, various animal models of KS or TS have been developed (Burgoyne and Arnold, 2016; Cox et al, 2014; Lue et al, 2010; Wistuba, 2010). Behavioral studies of these models indicate that both KS and TS aneuploidies impact learning, impulsivity and/or attention (Chen et al, 2013b; Cox et al, 2015; Davies et al, 2005, 2007; Isles et al, 2004; Lewejohann et al, 2009; Lue et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversal learning performance in the XY* mouse model of Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes

Aarde¹,

Hrncir²,

Arnold³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Klinefelter syndrome (KS; 47, XXY) and Turner syndrome (TS; 45, XO) are caused by two relatively common sex chromosome aneuploidies. These conditions are associated with an increased odds of neuropsychiatric disorders, including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as impairments in cognition that include learning delays, attentional dysfunction and impulsivity. We studied cognitive functions in the XY* mouse model, which allows comparison of XXY to XY males (KS model), and XO to XX females (TS model). We evaluated adult mice with and without gonads, using a version of an operant reversal-learning task (RLT) that can be used to measure various facets of learning, impulsivity and attention. In the KS model, only one measure related to impulsivity – perseverative responding under reversal conditions – reliably discriminated gonadally intact XXY and XY mice. In contrast, a fundamental learning impairment (more trials to criterion in acquisition phase) in XXY mice, as compared to XY, was observed in gonadectomized subjects. No other task measures showed differences consistent with KS. In the TS mouse model, XO mice did not show a pattern of results consistent with TS, similar to past observations. Thus, the application of this RLT to these XY* models reveals only limited behavioral impairments relevant to KS.

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“…Obvious possible candidates include Y chromosome genes expressed in males, or a double dosage of X chromosome genes (particularly those that escape X inactivation) in females (Arnold, 2012). In one approach to address this issue, Cox and colleagues (2015) recently demonstrated that mice with only one X chromosome (X0 or XY) have more vasopressin expression in the amygdala and are less social than those with two X chromosomes (XX or XXY), pointing to the dosage of X chromosome gene(s) as responsible for these effects. Because the X chromosome is inherited asymmetrically (female offspring receive an X from both the mother and father, whereas male offspring receive an X only from the father), genes that are parentally imprinted, i.e.…”

Section: Gonad-independent Effects Of the Sex Chromosomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sexual differentiation in the mammalian nervous system

Forger

Strahan

Castillo‐Ruiz

2016

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

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Neuroscientists are likely to discover new sex differences in the coming years, spurred by the National Institutes of Health initiative to include both sexes in preclinical studies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying sex differences in the mammalian nervous system, based primarily on work in rodents. Cellular mechanisms examined include neurogenesis, migration, the differentiation of neurochemical and morphological cell phenotype, and cell death. At the molecular level we discuss evolving roles for epigenetics, sex chromosome complement, the immune system, and newly identified cell signaling pathways. We review recent findings on the role of the environment, as well as genome-wide studies with some surprising results, causing us to rethink often-used models of sexual differentiation. We end by pointing to future directions, including an increased awareness of the important contributions of tissues outside of the nervous system to sexual differentiation of the brain.

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Number of X-chromosome genes influences social behavior and vasopressin gene expression in mice

Cited by 25 publications

References 48 publications

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review

Reversal learning performance in the XY* mouse model of Klinefelter and Turner Syndromes

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sexual differentiation in the mammalian nervous system

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