Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin - relationship to the anatomical location on the body, age, sex and physical parameters

Ya-Xian, Z; Suetake, Takaki; Tagami, Hachiro

doi:10.1007/s004030050453

Cited by 359 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Histopathology-Quantification/counting of the number of cell layers in the stratum corneum was performed as previously reported (17). Briefly, 5-m fresh frozen sections were stained with 1% aqueous solution of safranin for 1 min and flooded with 2% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kallikrein 8 Is Involved in Skin Desquamation in Cooperation with Other Kallikreins

Kishibe

Bandô²,

Terayama³

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Kallikrein type serine proteases, KLK8/neuropsin, KLK6, and KLK7, have been implicated in the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes and in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, their mechanistic roles in these processes remain largely unknown. We applied 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on the wild type (WT) and the Klk8 gene-disrupted (Klk8 ؊/؊ ) mouse skin, inducing keratinocyte proliferation similar to the human psoriatic lesion. Klk8 mRNA as well as Klk6 and Klk7 mRNA were up-regulated after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate application in the WT mice. In contrast, Klk8؊/؊ mice showed minimum increases of Klk6 and Klk7 transcripts, the proteins, and enzymatic activities. Relative to the WT, the Klk8 ؊/؊ skin showed less proliferation and an increase in the number of cell layers in the stratum corneum. However, overexpression of Klk8 by adenovirus vector in knock-out keratinocytes did not result in an increase in Klk6 or Klk7 mRNA. The inefficient cleavage of adhesion molecules DSG1 and CDSN in Klk8 ؊/؊ skin contributes to a delay in corneocyte shedding, resulting in the hyperkeratosis phenotype. We propose that in psoriatic lesion, KLK8 modulates hyperproliferation and prevents excessive hyperkeratosis by shedding the corneocytes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kallikrein 8 Is Involved in Skin Desquamation in Cooperation with Other Kallikreins

Kishibe

Bandô²,

Terayama³

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…It is a thin hydrophobic layer of cells, formed mainly of corneocytes, and has a thickness that varies from body site to body site -as thin as nine cell layers on the eyelid and as thick as 50 cell layers on the soles of the feet (Ya-Xian et al, 1999). This barrier makes therapeutic access with IDD to susceptible tissue during the early stages of chronic wounds challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of solid microneedle rollers to enhance transmembrane delivery of doxycycline and inhibition of MMP activity

Omolu

Bailly²,

Day

2017

Drug Delivery

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Many chronic wounds exhibit high matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity that impedes the normal wound healing process. Intradermal delivery (IDD) of sub-antimicrobial concentrations of doxycycline, as an MMP inhibitor, could target early stages of chronic wound development and inhibit further wound progression. To deliver doxycycline intradermally, the skin barrier must be disrupted. Microneedle rollers offer a minimally invasive technique to penetrate the skin by creating multiple microchannels that act as temporary conduits for drugs to diffuse through. In this study, an innovative and facile approach for delivery of doxycycline across Strat-M TM membrane was investigated using microneedle rollers. The quantity and rate of doxycycline diffusing through the micropores directly correlated with increasing microneedle lengths (250, 500 and 750 lm). Treatment of Strat-M TM with microneedle rollers resulted in a reduction in fibroblast-mediated collagen gel contraction and MMP activity compared with untreated Strat-M TM . Our results show that treatment of an epidermal mimetic with microneedle rollers provides sufficient permeabilization for doxycycline diffusion and inhibition of MMP activity. We conclude that microneedle rollers are a promising, clinically ready tool suitable for delivery of doxycycline intradermally to treat chronic wounds. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…In this study, NMF components have been extracted in vivo from forearm and forehead SC (i) following tape-stripping, and (ii) less invasively using reverse iontophoresis (15,16). Absolute quantification of 21 constituents of NMF has been possible with a sensitive liquid chromatography -mass spectroscopic assay Regional skin differences at various anatomical sites have been recognised (17,18). For example, the SC on the face is thinner, and contains smaller corneocytes than that on the forearm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regional skin differences at various anatomical sites have been recognised (17,18). For example, the SC on the face is thinner, and contains smaller corneocytes than that on the forearm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of Skin Barrier Function Using Bioengineering and Biophysical Techniques

Yang

Guy

2014

Pharm Res

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Purpose: To characterise skin barrier function in vivo at two distinct anatomic sites using minimally invasive bioengineering and biophysical tools.Methods: In healthy human volunteers, the quantities of stratum corneum (SC) per unit area of skin on the forearm and forehead were quantified by gravimetric and imaging techniques. Organisation of the SC intercellular lipids was evaluated as a function of position using attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR). The constituents of natural moisturising factor (NMF) were extracted from tape-stripped samples of the SC and by reverse iontophoresis; 21 components were identified and quantified by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.Results: SC was quantified more accurately by imaging and was significantly thinner on the forehead than on the forearm. Intercellular lipids were more disordered near the skin surface at both sites; however, throughout forearm SC, the lipids were substantially better organised than those in the forehead. Compositionally, the NMF from forearm and forehead SC was similar, but the total amount extractable from the forehead was smaller.Conclusion: Taken together, the bioengineering and biophysical techniques employed demonstrate, in a complementary, objective and quantitative fashion, that SC barrier function on the forehead is less competent than that on the forearm.Keywords: stratum corneum, skin barrier function natural moisturizing factor (NMF), reverse iontophoresis, infrared spectroscopy 3 Abbreviations IntroductionNatural moisturizing factor (NMF) is a collection of water-soluble, low molecular weight compounds found in the stratum corneum (SC). Functionally, it allows the SC to retain water against the dehydrating action of external environment and thus plays a key role in skin hydration (1). NMF is composed primarily of free amino acids (AAs) and amino acid derivatives that are derived from filaggrin. Filaggrin is synthesized from profilaggrin, an approximately 500-kDa insoluble protein, consisting of 10 to 12 repeating filaggrin units (2,3). During the transition of the mature granular cell into a corneocyte, rapid dephosphorylation of pro-filaggrin occurs, yielding filaggrin (3). As corneocytes proceed upwards through the SC, deiminiation and complete proteolysis of filaggrin yields the main components of NMF, specifically, (a) free hygroscopic amino acids (mainly Ser, Ala, Arg, Gly, Pro and His (4)), and (b) the following amino acid derivatives: pyrollidone carboxylic acid (PCA) formed by cyclisation of glutamine (5), trans-urocanic acid (UCA) synthesised from histidine (3), and ornithine (Orn) and citruline (Cit), which are degradation products of arginine (6).Presently, a filaggrin mutation is considered to be the strongest genetic risk factor for atopic dermatitis (AD) (7-10). As a result of this mutation, lower levels of NMF are generated in atopic skin and this is thought to contribute to an impaired barrier function (4, 11). Furthermore, a reduced NMF level has also been reported i...

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Number of cell layers of the stratum corneum in normal skin - relationship to the anatomical location on the body, age, sex and physical parameters

Cited by 359 publications

References 13 publications

Kallikrein 8 Is Involved in Skin Desquamation in Cooperation with Other Kallikreins

Kallikrein 8 Is Involved in Skin Desquamation in Cooperation with Other Kallikreins

Assessment of solid microneedle rollers to enhance transmembrane delivery of doxycycline and inhibition of MMP activity

Characterisation of Skin Barrier Function Using Bioengineering and Biophysical Techniques

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