Nuevos enfoques en la planificación urbanística para proteger los espacios agrarios periurbanos

Abstract

RESUMENEn Europa los espacios agrarios periurbanos sufren la mayor presión urbanizadora: entre 1990 y 2000, el 77% de los nuevos suelos artificiales ocuparon áreas agrarias. Al analizar la evolución de los objetivos de la ordenación territorial en la Unión Europea, se hace patente la poca importancia que se da a los sistemas agrarios. Esto no es consecuente con el discurso ambientalista, ni se enfrenta al escenario que se avecina de crisis energética, cambio global y agotamiento de recursos. Tampoco la Política Agraria Común contribuye a preservar los espacios agrarios periurbanos, que van a jugar un importante papel en la viabilidad futura de nuestras urbes. La creación de figuras adecuadas de protección, su reconsideración en los instrumentos de ordenación y la revalorización de la actividad agraria reducirían las expectativas urbanizadoras, frenando su transformación. El análisis de distintos casos europeos ofrece interesantes lecciones sobre cómo avanzar hacia esos objetivos.Palabras clave: Espacios agrarios periurbanos, presión urbana, protección, ordenación territorial, Europa. ABSTRACTIn Europe, the periurban agrarian spaces receive the highest urban pressure: between 1990 and 2000, the 77% new artificial uses grew upon agrarian areas. Analyzing the evolving objectives of the spatial planning in the European Union, becomes evident the minor significance gived to the agrarian systems. Neither this is consequence with the environmentalist discourse; nor is facing the scenario coming with the energy crisis, the global change and the depletion resource. Neither the Common Agricultural Policy helps to preserve periurban agrarian spaces which will play an important role in the future viability of our cities. The stablishment of adequate forms of protection, their reconsideration within the planning tools and the enhancement of agricultural activity would reduce the urban expectations, slowing down their transformation. The analysis of different European cases can provide interesting lessons on how to progress towards these goals.

Challenges for the revitalisation of peri-urban agriculture in Spain: Territorial analysis of the Madrid and Oviedo metropolitan areas

“…There's also a remarkable trend of loss in productive intensity, changing from human food crops, as vegetables and especially fruit trees, to less demanding agricultural uses, as arable crops and, in the most extreme cases, resulting in processes of land abandonment and degradation. These trends are similar to those occurring in peri-urban agricultural spaces within Europe and specifically in other Spanish regions (Nilsson et al, 2013;Simón et al, 2014); although regarding deintensification, it is interesting to note that some high quality agricultural spaces, as those in Andalucia studied by Pérez Campana (2015), are experiencing an intensive agriculture development, even occupying previously nonirrigated areas, which might indicate a large scale territorial specialisation process. Considering the national scale in terms of employment, surface and quality of agricultural land, the peri-urban spaces studied might not seem to have a significant value.…”

“…Peri-urban agriculture provides a wide range of services to urban areas, beyond food provision, services that are related to cultural identity, recreation, education or the regulation of natural cycles, and that have been quantified and assessed in recent studies (Willemen et al, 2010;Brinkley, 2012;Simón et al, 2014). The public policy approach to multifunctionality in these areas is usually focused on environmental issues that are more likely to be included in planning tools, and perceived as important by local authorities, although social actors also recognise and value other economic and social issues (Vandermeulen et al, 2006;Ives and Kendal, 2013;Marraccini et al, 2013;Olsson et al, 2016).…”

“…Land use changes have been analysed in recent years through new techniques and sources of information, which have led researchers to quantify these processes more accurately. Peri-urban agriculture land use transformations and planning regulations have been studied for Andalucia by PerezCampana (2015), for the metropolitan region of Barcelona by Paül and Tonts (2005) where an urban sprawl process tended to isolate pockets of peri-urban agriculture, and for medium-sized towns by Simón et al (2014).…”

“…Agriculture located in peri-urban areas faces a double vulnerability (Simón et al, 2014) related to general problems in the agricultural sector and with those due to its peri-urban location (spatial fragmentation, urban pressure, land prices ...). Proximity to the city, however, also provides opportunities for a differentiated orientation of agriculture, through the development of urban-rural linkages, and the adaptation to new uses and functions.…”

Valor, percepción y regulación de paisajes y agriculturas periurbanas en Andalucía

“…La PAC "tampoco sirve para preservar los espacios rurales periurbanos" (Simón Rojo, M. et al, 2012). El Primer Pilar de la PAC se dirige a orientaciones productivas desconectadas de la localización territorial de los cultivos (Silva y Orozco, 2011).…”