“…Consequently, with these results, we add evidence to the growing body of nudge literature suggesting that the relationship between nudge outputs and behavioral outcomes is complex. Nudge interventions and nudge combinations may work under certain conditions, but their effectiveness is characterized by heterogeneity across policy domains, nudge types, populations segments, baseline attitudes, geographical locations and targeted behaviors (Dewies et al, 2021;Holzmeister et al, 2022;Osman et al, 2020;Szaszi et al, 2018Szaszi et al, , 2022. The mixed, contradictory and uncertain results of individual nudges and the struggle to confirm theoretical predictions about deterrence and non-deterrence nudges support our view that behavioral-based policy interventions can be compounded (Vainre et al, 2020) and should be grounded in a practice-oriented design which takes the specific local context into consideration (Van Ryzin, 2021).…”