Nudge with caution: targeting fruit and vegetable consumption in primary schools

Interventions based on sensory‐hedonic strategies and on nudging to facilitate vegetable and pulses consumption in the school environment

“…Packaging and labeling changing food packaging (Dial & Musher‐Eizenman, 2020; Hanks et al., 2013; Quinn et al., 2018), using labeling (Dave et al., 2015; Dial & Musher‐Eizenman, 2020; Ensaff et al., 2015; Erjavec et al., 2021; Hamdi et al., 2020; Marcano‐Olivier et al., 2019; Pope & Wolf, 2012; Song et al., 2016a; Thompson et al., 2017); …”

“…Reinforcement and incentives using prompts (Chinchanachokchai et al., 2022; Dave et al., 2015; Erjavec et al., 2021; Machado, Ritchie et al., 2020; Quinn et al., 2018; Song et al., 2016a; Hubbard et al., 2015; Hanks et al., 2013; Hendy et al., 2007; Hoffman et al., 2010; Perry et al., 2004; Taylor, Darby et al., 2013), using rewards (Hendy et al., 2007; Horne et al., 2009; McCormick et al., 2009; Perry et al., 2004; Presti et al., 2015; Taylor, Upton et al., 2013; Wardle et al., 2003, Taylor, Darby et al., 2013), using incentives (Hoffman et al., 2011; Hudgens et al., 2017; Joyner et al., 2017; Machado, Ritchie et al., 2020; McCormick et al., 2009; Wengreen et al., 2021, Ansu et al., 2021, Marcano‐Olivier et al., 2021), using marketing techniques such as characters, banners, and messages, using modeling (role and peer modeling) (Hoffman et al., 2010; Horne et al., 2009; Perry et al., 2004; Taylor, Upton et al., 2013; Hubbard et al., 2015; Birnbaum et al., 2002; Machado, Ritchie et al., 2020; Marcano‐Olivier et al., 2019, 2021; Presti et al., 2015); …”

“…Advertisement using marketing techniques such as banners, messages, events and posters (Dave et al., 2015; Ensaff et al., 2015; Erjavec et al., 2021; Hanks et al., 2016; Hoffman et al., 2010; Joyner et al., 2017; Marcano‐Olivier et al., 2019; McCormick et al., 2009; Mistura et al., 2019; Perry et al., 2004). …”

“…This systematic review identified 17 studies reporting the use of such a strategy, with all of them focusing on vegetable promotion. When it comes to serving size, five studies reported higher vegetable intake when using larger serving units suggesting serving vegetables as a whole instead of cut in pieces would increase children's consumption (Cohen et al., 2014; Erjavec et al., 2021; Goh et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2015; van Kleef et al., 2015). However, two studies reported that increasing portion size did not nudge more children toward selecting larger foods (Cohen et al., 2014; Miller et al., 2015).…”

“…Serving style, size, and presentation changing the size (Adams et al., 2005; Miller et al., 2015; van Kleef et al., 2015), improving foods’ presentation (Ensaff et al., 2015; Erjavec et al., 2021; Perry et al., 1998, 2004), changing the service style (Adams et al., 2005; Erjavec et al., 2021; Goh et al., 2017; Quinn et al., 2018; Robichaux & Adams, 1985; Thompson et al., 2017), changing the serving order (Elsbernd et al., 2016; Redden et al., 2015, Marcano‐Olivier et al., 2021); …”