Induction of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes by plant phenolic compounds is essential for successful T-DNA transfer to a host plant. In Douglas fir needles, the major virulence region inducer is the glycoside coniferin (J. W. Morris and R. 0. Morris, Proc. NatI. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3612-3618, 1990).Agrobacterium strains with high fl-glucosidase activity respond to coniferin and infect Douglas fir seedlings, whereas most strains with low 13-glucosidase activity fail to respond to coniferin and are avirulent on this host.We have cloned two ,8-glucosidase genes from A. tumefaciens B3/73 and sequenced one of them, cbgl. It appears to be part of a polycistronic unit and shows a high bias for GC-rich codons. When expressed in Escherichia coli, Cbgl j-glucosidase hydrolyzes coniferin but not cellobiose. The 88-kDa predicted product of cbgl is highly similar to one other bacterial 13-glucosidase and several fungal l-glucosidases. There is little homology between Cbgl and other bacterial 13-glucosidases, including an Agrobacterium cellobiase.Communication between Agrobactenum tumefaciens and host plant cells is essential for successful tumorigenesis. During infection, Ti plasmid genes of the virulence (vir) region control transfer of the T-DNA from the bacterial cell to the plant cell. Genes of the virulence region, first defined by transposon mutagenesis (8), were found to be transcriptionally activated by plant exudates and suspension-cultured cells (15,43). Two of the virulence products, VirA and VirG, are essential for induction of the other loci (42). These two proteins share conserved domains found in many bacterial two-component environmental responsive systems (29,51); VirA is similar to other sensor proteins, and VirG shows homology to other transcriptional activators.The first native vir region-inducing compounds were isolated from tobacco root exudates (41). Acetosyringone and hydroxy-acetosyringone were identified. Spencer and Towers (40) and Melchers et al. (25) systematically tested a large number of synthetic phenolic compounds to determine the structural requirements of active inducers. They found that most active compounds were composed of substituted benzene rings with free 4'-hydroxyl groups, 3'-methoxy and often 5'-methoxy groups, and usually an electron-withdrawing group at the 1' position. Flavonoid compounds purified from petunia pollen and stigma tissues have also been identified as vir region inducers (54). Coniferin, purified from Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) needle extracts, was identified as the major native vir region inducer in that species (28). It differs from other inducers in that it is a glucoside in which the 4'-hydroxyl group is blocked. Hess et al. (12)