Nucleotide sequence of a complete ribosomal spacer ofD. melanogaster

Simeone, Antonio; Volpe, Adriana La; Boncinelli, Edoardo

doi:10.1093/nar/13.4.1089

Cited by 63 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In Xenopus, arrays of enhancer-like sequences (60/81-bp elements) are interspersed within the NTS with copies of the pre-rRNA promoter (9-12). While the 60/81-bp elements alone are able to stimulate the activity of the pre-rRNA promoter (10-12), transcription from the duplicated promoters is required for full spacer enhancement (13)(14).Multiple copies of the promoter region are found in the NTSs ofDrosophila melanogaster (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), Drosophila virilis (20, 21), Drosophila orena, and Drosophila hydeii (21) rDNA. We have shown (22) Fig.…”

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confidence: 99%

Multiple repeated units in Drosophila melanogaster ribosomal DNA spacer stimulate rRNA precursor transcription.

Grimaldi

Nocera²

1988

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Drosophila melanogaster ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcriptional units are separated by nontranscribed spacer (NTS) segments consisting of tandemly arranged repeats 95, 330, and 240 base pairs long. NTS sequences stimulate transcription from the rRNA precursor (pre-rRNA) promoter. Primer extension analysis of RNA from cells cotransfected with plasmids carrying NTS sequences of various lengths shows that the activity of the pre-rRNA promoter is directly correlated with the number of 240-base-pair repeats; NTS sequences upstream of these units also stimulate pre-rRNA transcription. The NTS effect might depend upon transcription from duplicated promoters present within the 240-and 330-base-pair repeats. The strength of the pre-RNA promoter correlates in each construct with the level of spacer transcription. The action of spacer sequences, although able to take place over a large distance, is not independent of orientation: stimulation of pre-rRNA transcription is abolished in plasmids carrying inverted NTS segments. Removal of a putative transcription termination site located upstream of the pre-rRNA promoter has no effect on pre-rRNA initiation nor does it substantially alter spacer enhancement.In eukaryotic cells nearly half of all transcription is contributed by rRNA synthesis. Ribosomal DNA genes (rDNA) are repeated 100-1000 times per haploid genome, clustered in tandem arrays at one or a few chromosomal sites (1, 2). Species-specific factors are required, in addition to RNA polymerase I, for accurate promoter recognition (3). DNA sequences sufficient for faithful transcription initiation are generally contained within 50-150 base pairs (bp) upstream of the rRNA precursor start site refs. 4 and 5). Remote control elements located in the so-called nontranscribed spacers (NTSs), the intergenic segments that separate adjacent transcriptional units, affect the rate of pre-rRNA transcription in several species. Sequences >2 kilobases upstream of the pre-rRNA start site positively regulate the expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6, 7) and rat (8) rDNA. These elements are reminiscent of polymerase II gene enhancers, as they act in either orientation and at variable distance from the promoter region. In Xenopus, arrays of enhancer-like sequences (60/81-bp elements) are interspersed within the NTS with copies of the pre-rRNA promoter (9-12). While the 60/81-bp elements alone are able to stimulate the activity of the pre-rRNA promoter (10-12), transcription from the duplicated promoters is required for full spacer enhancement (13)(14).Multiple copies of the promoter region are found in the NTSs ofDrosophila melanogaster (15)(16)(17)(18)(19), Drosophila virilis (20, 21), Drosophila orena, and Drosophila hydeii (21) rDNA. We have shown (22) Fig. 2C). pDm-180A carries a Nde I-Nco I fragment from pDMrCAT1 (22) that extends from position -180 within the NTS to the Nco I site within the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) 5502The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. T...

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confidence: 99%

Multiple repeated units in Drosophila melanogaster ribosomal DNA spacer stimulate rRNA precursor transcription.

Grimaldi

Nocera²

1988

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…A sequence comparison of rDNA transcription units of different eucaryotes reveals conservation of this termination signal sequence in rat DNA (2,22). A 10-bp repeated sequence with an 8-bp perfect homology to the mouse Sall box is found in the human NTS (14), and no significant homology is observed in lower eucaryotes (11,13,18). Thus (13,20).…”

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confidence: 98%

Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes.

Bartsch¹,

Schoneberg²,

Grummt³

1987

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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We have analyzed the sequences required for termination of human rDNA transcription. The human ribosomal transcription unit is shown to extend about 350 nucleotides into the 3'-terminal spacer and ends immediately upstream of a region with a distinct sequence heterogeneity. This heterogeneous region contains a cluster of conserved 10-base pair sequence elements which exert a striking homology to the proximal part of the 18-base pair murine rDNA transcription termination signal sequence, termed Sall box. Exonuclease IH protection assays and in vitro transcription experiments with both homologous and heterologous human-mouse minigene constructs, and extracts from HeLa or Ehrlich ascites cells, reveal a functional analogy of the human sequence to the mouse Sail box. It mediates binding of a nuclear protein which functions as a transcription termination factor. The murine signal sequence is recognized by the human factor but not vice versa. The different sequence specificities and electrophoretic properties of the functionally equivalent protein factors suggest that a molecular coevolution has taken place between the termination signal sequences and the genes coding for the termination factors.

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“…fluminensis is also unusual for having large repeats. Large repeats of varying size have been reported in the rDNA spacers of species in the genera Daphnia, Aedes, Drosophila, Rattus, and Xenopus (Labhart and Reeder 1984, Simeone et al 1985, Murtif and Rae 1985, Cassidy et al 1986, Park and Fallon 1990, Crease 1993. Perera et al (1998) also reported a 36-nucleotide repeat in the intergenic spacer of Anopheles aquasalis Curry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence Analysis of the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 and Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification of Anopheles fluminensis (Diptera: Culicidae: Anopheles) in Bolivia

Brelsfoard¹,

Fritz²,

Rodríguez³

2006

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Nucleotide sequence of a complete ribosomal spacer ofD. melanogaster

Cited by 63 publications

References 45 publications

Multiple repeated units in Drosophila melanogaster ribosomal DNA spacer stimulate rRNA precursor transcription.

Multiple repeated units in Drosophila melanogaster ribosomal DNA spacer stimulate rRNA precursor transcription.

Evolutionary changes of sequences and factors that direct transcription termination of human and mouse ribsomal genes.

Sequence Analysis of the rDNA Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 and Polymerase Chain Reaction Identification of <I>Anopheles fluminensis</I> (Diptera: Culicidae: <I>Anopheles</I>) in Bolivia

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