Nucleotide sequence analysis of a major antigenic domain of the E1 glycoprotein of 22 rubella virus isolates

Bosma, Trent J.; Best, Jennifer M.; Corbett, Karen; Banatvala, J. E.; Starkey, W.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2523

Cited by 31 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Further studies of the biological properties and especially of the degree of neutralization of these strains by vaccineinduced antibodies are required. The proportions of synon- ymous and nonsynonymous mutations were similar to those reported by other authors (6,16,17,19,30), confirming that RUBV is very stable compared with some alphaviruses and other RNA viruses, such as poliovirus and human immunodeficiency virus (12,13,20,34). Additional research into the short-term evolution of RUBV in the context of outbreaks seems necessary in the light of these results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

“…The nucleotide sequence of this strain seemed to remain invariable in the region studied during the first 19 weeks of the outbreak. However, two additional mutations in amino acids in immunoreactive regions (6,23,24,29,35) of the E1 glycoprotein arose subsequently, although signs of positive selection events were not observed. The E1 glycoprotein has an important role in attachment to the cell and contains important neutralization epitopes (10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

et al. 2009

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Rubella virus (RUBV) usually causes a mild exanthematous disease that is frequently accompanied by adenopathy and occasionally by arthralgia. Complications of this infection are rare and include encephalopathy and thrombocytopenia. However, the most severe consequence of this virus is its teratogenicity. It can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when it occurs in pregnant women, particularly during the first trimester of pregnancy (10).The direct detection of RUBV RNA in clinical specimens, in addition to the detection of RUBV-specific immunoglobulin M, is a critical factor in the early laboratory diagnosis of recent or congenital infection (18,27). Currently, the European region of the World Health Organization (WHO) aims to eliminate not only measles but also rubella and to reduce the incidence of CRS to less than one case per 100,000 live births by 2010 (38, 39). For this purpose, epidemiological surveillance based on the laboratory diagnosis of each suspected case and the characterization of the genotype of the circulating strains are included in the WHO's recommendations. In the most recent WHO update, the standard nomenclature for the classification and designation of wild-type RUBV strains recognizes nine definitive and four provisional genotypes (40), expanding the nomenclature established in 2005 (37), which was based on 739 nucleotides (nt) (nt 8731 to 9469) from the E1 gene sequence. This sequence encodes amino acids (aa) 159 to 404 (of the 481 aa) of the E1 glycoprotein. Although our knowledge of the geographic distribution of RUBV genotypes has grown substantially since 2003, the genotypes present in many countries and regions remain unknown (9), even though rubella is still recognized as a globally important disease in a general public health context (41). RUBV is considered monotypic with cross-neutralization among different genotypes.In Spain, monovalent RUBV vaccine was introduced in the late 1970s, when it was administered in schools to 11-year-old girls (1). In 1981, one dose of the measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine was introduced in the regular immunization schedule at the age of 15 months for all children. In 1996, a second dose at 11 years of age was introduced (5). In 1999, this second dose was given to 4-year-old children (3). Currently, the seroprevalence of RUBV in the community of Madrid exceeds 95% in all age groups and reaches 98.6% among women of childbearing age (16 to 45 years) (4). Nevertheless, the pattern is very different in other regions around the world and RUBV infection remains endemic in many areas, such as Latin America (15). The rubella vaccine was only introduced in Latin American countries in the late 1990s, so that many adult immigrants to Spain are not immunized. These circumstances led to a small outbreak in Madrid in 2003 (31) and a larger one in 2004 and 2005 (2, 27) among Latin American immigrants. The main aim of this study was to characterize the RUBV strain involved in the latter outbreak, which represents the first data concerning RUBV genotypes i...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

et al. 2009

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“…5i10 −% per site per annum. Even this low value is eclipsed by the observation that rubella virus strains isolated 31 years apart had identical sequences in the E1 glycoprotein (Bosma et al, 1996). The paradox between the predicted and observed replacement rates in these sequences could be resolved if effective selection processes were in operation during virus replication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Dinucleotide and stop codon frequencies in single-stranded RNA viruses.

Rima

McFerran

1997

Journal of General Virology

119

130

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To identify potential selection pressures which lead to RNA sequence conservation, we examined the occurrence rates of dinucleotides in 64 singlestranded RNA virus genomes. These viruses may offer a particular insight into these pressures since their RNA-dependent RNA polymerases lack proofreading capability. This potentiates introduction of mutations into their genomes, yet unidentified selection processes conserve the genomes to a large degree. We report a strong inverse correlation between the CM G content and the occurrence of the CpG dinucleotide (r l 0n71) in the RNA virus genomes, in contrast to earlier reports (Karlin et al., 1994, Journal of Virology 68, 2889-2897). We also detected significant suppression of UpA, correlating inversely with genomic UM A content. These sup-

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“…To date Rubella viruses from Europe, Asia, and North America have been shown for the most part to group in a single genotype (Rubella Genotype I "RGI") that has a maximum diversity at the nucleotide level of ~5%. However, a limited number of viruses from Asia, Europe and Africa, formed a distant phylogenetic branch, differing from RGI viruses by 8% to 10%, which was designated Rubella Genotype II (RGII) (4,5,7,8). These two genotypes (RGI and RGII) belong to the single rubella virus serotype (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wild Type Rubella virus isolated in Iran

Bordbar¹,

Habibi²,

Shafiei³

2010

Iran J Virol

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Background and Aims: Rubella virus is a human pathogen that causes congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) when infection occurs during early pregnancy. Vaccination programs have been remarkably successful in controlling natural rubella infection and CRS. Moreover, ongoing surveillance for all cases of rubella and CRS is a vital component of a prevention program. Although the WHO recommends the use of molecular epidemiology, little is known about circulating strains and genotypes of rubella virus (RUBV) in Iran. This study was designed to analyze the genetic characteristics of the wild type isolated in Iran. Methods: The partial E1 gene was amplified from the isolated Iran MF rubella virus and Takahashi vaccine strain in comparison with 22 reference strains. The sequence of the E1 gene of the rubella virus isolate was compared by phylogenic analysis. Results: Nucleic acid sequencing confirmed the isolated virus was Rubella (96 % identity in 784 bases) the sequence was subsequently submitted and registered to the GenBank with accession number DQ975202. The created phylogenetic tree of rubella virus reference sequences showed that the isolated MF rubella virus was classified into genotype 2B. Conclusion: Based on our data, this is the first report of rubella virus genotyping in Iran. The history of some eradicated viral diseases shows that us how molecular tools are helpful in surveillance. However, more comprehensive molecular epidemiologic studies are required in order to reach Rubella virus elimination goal.

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Nucleotide sequence analysis of a major antigenic domain of the E1 glycoprotein of 22 rubella virus isolates

Cited by 31 publications

References 21 publications

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

Phylogenetic Analysis of Rubella Virus Strains from an Outbreak in Madrid, Spain, from 2004 to 2005

Dinucleotide and stop codon frequencies in single-stranded RNA viruses.

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Wild Type Rubella virus isolated in Iran

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