Nucleoside Analogs: A Review of Its Source and Separation Processes

Abstract

Nucleoside analogs play a crucial role in the production of high-value antitumor and antimicrobial drugs. Currently, nucleoside analogs are mainly obtained through nucleic acid degradation, chemical synthesis, and biotransformation. However, these methods face several challenges, such as low concentration of the main product, the presence of complex matrices, and the generation of numerous by-products that significantly limit the development of new drugs and their pharmacological studies. Therefore, this work aims to summarize the universal separation methods of nucleoside analogs, including crystallization, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), column chromatography, solvent extraction, and adsorption. The review also explores the application of molecular imprinting techniques (MITs) in enhancing the identification of the separation process. It compares existing studies reported on adsorbents of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the separation of nucleoside analogs. The development of new methods for selective separation and purification of nucleosides is vital to improving the efficiency and quality of nucleoside production. It enables us to obtain nucleoside products that are essential for the development of antitumor and antiviral drugs. Additionally, these methods possess immense potential in the prevention and control of serious diseases, offering significant economic, social, and scientific benefits to the fields of environment, biomedical research, and clinical therapeutics.

Rogersonins C–F, 9H-Imidazo[2,1-i]purine-Incorporating Adenine-Polyketide Hybrids from an Ophiocordyceps-Associated Clonostachys rogersoniana

“…The only precedents are Y-nucleosides, fluorescent ethenoguanosine derivatives found in the anticodon loop of some phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA Phe ). 30−32 Adenosine derivatives are frequently encountered as fungal metabolites, 33,34 but 1,N 6 -ethenoadenine-incoporating natural products have not been documented. Although compound 3 demonstrated its ability to downregulate PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, it did not show detectable effect on mRNA transcription of the PD-L1encoding gene CD274 (Figure S41).…”

“…Although a number of ethenonucleosides have been synthesize and biologically evaluated, − naturally occurring ethenonucleosides are rare. The only precedents are Y-nucleosides, fluorescent ethenoguanosine derivatives found in the anticodon loop of some phenylalanine transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA Phe ). − Adenosine derivatives are frequently encountered as fungal metabolites, , but 1, N 6 -ethenoadenine-incoporating natural products have not been documented.…”

Nucleoside‐Based Drug Target with General Antimicrobial Screening and Specific Computational Studies against SARS‐CoV‐2 Main Protease

“…Numerous methods are available for synthesizing nucleoside derivatives, including direct methods, [69,70] dibutyltin oxide methods, [71] enzymatic modifications, [72] glycosylation, [73] and chemoenzymatic synthesis [74] and more methods [75] . The choice of method often depends on the specific nucleoside and the desired derivative.…”

“…Numerous methods are available for synthesizing nucleoside derivatives, including direct methods, [69,70] dibutyltin oxide methods, [71] enzymatic modifications, [72] glycosylation, [73] and chemoenzymatic synthesis [74] and more methods. [75] The choice of method often depends on the specific nucleoside and the desired derivative. Direct methods typically yield analogs with substitutions at the 5'-O position, while dibutyltin oxide methods result in analogs with substitutions at the 3'-O position.…”