“…In addition, emerging photovoltaic materials such as Pb or Sn-based perovskites, CIGS, and CZTSSe have shown rapid efficiency breakthroughs, with certified efficiencies of 26.0%, 23.35%, and 14.9% respectively. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] However, limitations such as a limited light absorption range and high-temperature fabrication processes for Si-based cells, as well as the use of toxic or rare metals (Cd, Te, Pb, Ga, and In) and high production costs, hinder their green and sustainable development. 1,[16][17][18] Therefore, it is crucial to develop new semiconductor photovoltaic materials that are abundant in composition elements, environmentally friendly, exhibit good optoelectronic properties, and possess high stability.…”