Nucleic acids and proteins carried by exosomes of different origins as potential biomarkers for gynecologic cancers

Abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 30–150 nm that function in mediating intercellular communication and intercellular material exchange. The liposomal membrane of exosomes protects the cargo carried by exosomes from degradation and assists in transporting cargo to recipient cells to regulate a variety of physiological and pathological processes. The incidence of gynecologic cancers is increasing annually, which is extremely harmful to the lives and health of women because such cancers are challenging to detect at the early stage. Recently, exosomes have emerged as novel biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting the development of gynecologic cancers. In particular, non-coding RNAs (microRNAs [miRNAs], long non-coding RNAs [lncRNAs], and circular RNAs [circRNAs]) carried by exosomes have been extensively investigated in gynecologic cancers. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to focus on the potential roles of exosomes of different origins in ovarian cancer, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer, which will help to determine the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis.

Exosomes─Nature’s Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics

“…Moreover, they have been identified as biomarkers for diagnosing of diseases, particularly various cancers. The RNAs, which have been examined include ncRNAs: microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) carried by exosomes …”

“…The RNAs, which have been examined include ncRNAs: microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) carried by exosomes. 90 Lipids. Lipids are essential constituents of biological membranes.…”

Ultramultiplex NaLnF4 Nanosatellites Combined with ICP-MS for Exosomal Multi-miRNA Analysis and Cancer Classification

“…To verify the feasibility of simultaneous detection of multiple miRNAs from exosomes, we selected ten types of exosomal miRNAs that have been used as cancer markers to study the diagnosis of various cancers, namely, miR-200b, miR-21, miR-151, miR-155, miR-139, let-7b, miR-191, miR-214, let-7f, and miR-30e. − Different NaLnF 4 NPs have various detection sensitivities because each NaLnF 4 NP contains different number of lanthanide atoms, and the abundance of the measured isotope is also different. To evaluate the ability of each NaLnF 4 NP as a tag for detection of exosomal miRNAs, we separately prepared ten types of single-target nanosatellite assemblies, where each nanosatellite assembly contained only one type of NaLnF 4 NP satellite, and all of the nanosatellite assemblies were used for detection of miR-21.…”

Use of Cysteamine and Glutaraldehyde Chemicals for Robust Functionalization of Substrates with Protein Biomarkers—An Overview on the Construction of Biosensors with Different Transductions

“…The level of different biomarkers (nucleic acids, proteins, vesicles, cells) [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] is essential for human health and widely used either for routine check-up or to monitor the effects of medical treatments and assess tumor regression/progression. In this context, the chemical and robust functionalization of the supports is strongly suitable for a specific and ultrasensitive detection of these biomarkers.…”