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Knowledge of spallation behaviors of partially melted metals, as well as the ones of solids and liquids, is critical for understanding the complete spall responses of metals to a wide range of loading strengths. However, compared with traditional spallation in solids, the spallation of liquids, especially of partially melted metals, receives considerably less attention despite some advancements in recent years. In the present work, spallation behaviors of partially melted/completely melted Pb under various decaying shock loadings are investigated. The effects of peak free surface velocity on the incipient spall strength of the partially melted Pb are uncovered, which is attributed to the difference of melting degree. Our results suggest that the incipient spall strength decreases with the growing melting degree for the partially melted Pb. Besides, incipient spall criterion, as well as damage evolutions at the later stage, is discussed. It is found that, after the incipient spall takes place, the total void volume linearly increases with time evolutions regardless of the detailed void mechanism for the volume increment. The increasing rate grows with the promoting melting degree even under the same tensile strain rate and initial temperature. For a liquid Pb, the increasing rate is governed by the tensile strain rate. Physical reasons for the different behaviors between partially and completely melted metals are analyzed.
Knowledge of spallation behaviors of partially melted metals, as well as the ones of solids and liquids, is critical for understanding the complete spall responses of metals to a wide range of loading strengths. However, compared with traditional spallation in solids, the spallation of liquids, especially of partially melted metals, receives considerably less attention despite some advancements in recent years. In the present work, spallation behaviors of partially melted/completely melted Pb under various decaying shock loadings are investigated. The effects of peak free surface velocity on the incipient spall strength of the partially melted Pb are uncovered, which is attributed to the difference of melting degree. Our results suggest that the incipient spall strength decreases with the growing melting degree for the partially melted Pb. Besides, incipient spall criterion, as well as damage evolutions at the later stage, is discussed. It is found that, after the incipient spall takes place, the total void volume linearly increases with time evolutions regardless of the detailed void mechanism for the volume increment. The increasing rate grows with the promoting melting degree even under the same tensile strain rate and initial temperature. For a liquid Pb, the increasing rate is governed by the tensile strain rate. Physical reasons for the different behaviors between partially and completely melted metals are analyzed.
Using the classical molecular dynamic method, we investigated the evolution of spall damage through a series of stretching simulations for solid–liquid mixed aluminum at several initial temperatures. The results show that a turning point appears before void nucleation when the initial temperature is higher than 940 K in mixed Al at a strain rate of 3 × 108 s−1. The formation mechanism of the turning point is due to the local liquid phase nucleation. The growth of the local liquid phase gradually destroys the consecutive solid phases. The lower tensile strength of liquid Al than solid Al leads to the formation of the turning point. The voids tend to nucleate in the liquid phase in mixed Al at different initial temperatures except at 940 K. The time of void nucleation will be delayed due to the melting process before void nucleation in mixed Al. A nucleation and growth (NAG) model can describe the nucleation and growth of voids very well in mixed Al at 900, 920, 960, and 980 K. By adding the criterion of liquid phase proportion, the NAG model can also well describe the void volume fraction history of mixed Al at 940 K. We clarified the micro-mechanisms of spall damage evolution in mixed Al through tension simulation. The relevant results can provide a reference for future work on spall damage studies in solid–liquid mixed metals.
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