Nuclear transplantation in the rabbit egg

Mammalian nuclear transfer

“…The first attempt to clone mammals was reported in 1975 (Bromhall, 1975). Bromhall used both microinjection and virus-induced fusion of morula cells with unfertilized rabbit eggs.…”

“…For normal development to proceed, it is crucial that, in a Briggs et al, 1952Briggs et al, 1962 Nuclear transfer-derived frogs Gurdon, 1962Gurdon, 1975 Rabbit nuclear transfer Bromhall, 1975Bromhall, 1979 Nuclear transplantation in fish Gasaryan et al, 1979Gasaryan et al, 1981 Derivation of mouse ES cells Evans and Kaufman, 1981;Martin, 1981Martin, 1983 Nuclear transplantation in the mouse Solter, 1983 1986 Lambs cloned from blastomeres Willadsen, 1986Willadsen, 1987 Cattle cloned from blastomeres Prather et al, 1987Prather et al, 1989 Pigs cloned from blastomeres Prather et al, 1989Prather et al, 1994 Calves cloned from ICM cells First, 1994 1996 Sheep cloned from embryonic cell line Campbell et al, 1996 First mammal cloned from adult cell (sheep "Dolly") Wilmut et al, 1997Wilmut et al, 1998 Derivation of human ES cells Thomson et al, 1998Thomson et al, 2000 Mouse nuclear transfer-derived ES cells Munsie et al, 2000Munsie et al, 2002 Terminally differentiated cells cloned Hochedlinger et al, 2002aHochedlinger et al, 2002 First therapeutic application in mice Rideout et al, 2002 a ES, embryonic stem; ICM, inner cell mass. This table summarizes a number of selected highlights starting from the first demonstration of the NT technique by Briggs and King to the first "proof of principle" study in mice showing the therapeutic potential of the technique.…”

Tetraploid development in the mouse

“…Although originally performed in the rabbit (Bromhall, 1975), this technique was subsequently developed in the mouse as a means of testing developmental potencies of trophoblast and inner cell mass (ICM) cell nuclei after injection into blastocysts and subsequent development in vitro (Modlinski, 1978(Modlinski, , 1981. Although this procedure may have produced the first repeatably uniform tetraploid embryos, the surgical trauma resulted in survival of only 9 -15% of the injected blastocysts (Modlinski, 1981).…”

Nuclear reprogramming in eggs

“…An early report by my student Derek Bromhall showed that nuclei of embryonic cells transplanted to rabbit eggs do synthesize DNA 21 . For reasons I have never fully understood, the next major attempts to transplant nuclei in mammals used fertilized eggs as recipients, rather than unfertilized eggs as had proved successful in frogs.…”