“…However, other prostaglandin‐independent mechanisms may be involved in the actions of diclofenac, for example, activation of potassium channels (K Ca , K v , and K 2P ), the nitric oxide‐cGMP pathway, biguanide‐dependent mechanisms, blockade of proton‐gated ion channels, and NMDA receptors (Gan, ; Ortiz, ; Ortiz et al, , ; Veale et al, ; Voilley, ). In this study, DHA produced antinociception in the 1% rat formalin test via mechanisms of action previously described (Calder, ; Schuchardt & Hahn, ; Mendes et al, ; López‐Vicario et al, ; Oh et al, ; Im, ). Administration of DHA by the intracerebroventricular route reduced formalin‐induced pain behavior possibly via activation of GPR40 and β‐endorphin release (Nakamoto et al, ).…”