Nuclear reaction analysis profiling as direct evidence for lithium ion mass transport in thin film ‘‘rocking-chair’’ structures

Goldner, R. B.; Haas, T. E.; Arntz, Floyd O.; Slaven, S.; Wong, K. K.; Wilkens, B.; Shepard, C.; Lanford, W. A.

doi:10.1063/1.109580

Cited by 28 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For electrochromic material applications, it is highly desirable that WO 3 film has a rough and porous surface structure, so that it is more conducive to the intercalation and de-intercalation of proton during the electrochromic process, thus minimizing the time of optical modulation. [12][13][14] Therefore, it is of interest to determine methods to improve the surface porosity of the sputtered WO 3 film to obtain good electrochromic performance. In this paper, we thoroughly investigate the correlation between the substrate-target distance and the optical-switching capability, and demonstrate that the electrochromic performance of WO 3 films can be dramatically improved by adjusting the target-substrate distance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

Lee

Fang

et al. 2000

J. Electron. Mater.

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In this paper, the correlation between the electrochromic performance and the surface morphology of the tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) thin films sputtered by dc reactive magnetron sputtering with widely varying target-substrate distances was investigated. It is found that the optical density change (∆OD) of films is strongly affected by the target-substrate distance. The coloration efficiency (CE) at 633 nm was also found to be sensitive to the target-substrate distance, with 16 cm 2 /C of film sputtered at 6 cm and 50 cm 2 /C at 18 cm. X-ray diffraction showed that the crystal structure of films was amorphous. By using atomic force microscope to identify the surface porosity of the sputtered WO 3 films, we found that the film at longer target-substrate distance was rough, porous, and having a cone-shaped columns morphology, thus offering a good electrochromic performance for opto-switching applications.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

Lee

Fang

et al. 2000

J. Electron. Mater.

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“…As earlier mentioned, one of the causes for device degradation is lithium migration into the ITO [4,10,11]. Apart from a decrease in coloration efficiency (the fraction of Li inside the ITO does not contribute to the coloration), this migration leads to near IR absorption in the ITO [12,13], due to the increase of free electrons that accompany inserted Li ions.…”

Section: Ito/mixed Conducting Electrode Combinationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…TILi+ + Tie-= T]Li = ~Li (4) Reference Level: To be able to compare potentials in two or more different materials we need to define a reference level. This is, for the electron, the vacuum level, the potential energy of an electron at infinity in vacuum.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ion potential diagrams as guidelines for stability and performance of electrochromic devices

Varsano

Masetti

Guillemoles

et al. 1997

Ionics

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Abstract. The purpose of construction of ion potential diagrams is to facilitate the description of systems in which ionic species are mobile. These diagrams depict qualitatively the spatial dependence of the potential energy for mobile ions in a way similar to band diagrams for electrons. We specify and explain what types of experimental data are needed to construct these diagrams. We construct such diagrams for five layer electrochromic devices in which both optically active electrodes are oxides, capable of reversible lithium ion intercalation. We consider the systems at open circuit and under bias. We compare the behaviour of several electrochromic oxides with respect to intercalation and deintercalation reactions. On the basis of the diagrams we discuss electrode stability and switching time in electrochromic devices. Possible novel electrode materials, in terms of their electrical behaviour, are discussed.

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“…has previously reported measurement of this process using nuclear reaction analysis. 2 His technique had a depth resolution of ¾0.1 µm and did not provide the absolute lithium concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of lithium transport in electrochromic multilayer films by neutron depth profiling

Lamaze

Chen-Mayer

Gerouki

et al. 2000

Surf. Interface Anal.

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Thin film ‘rocking‐chair’ type cells hold great promise for ‘smart window’ and rechargeable battery applications. Smart windows alter the transmissivity between any two states over the solar spectrum by electrical current modulation, which causes lithium ions to migrate back and forth between the two electrochromic layers. This paper reports measurement of the lithium distribution in each layer and transport between layers by the method of neutron depth profiling (NDP). Samples are irradiated by a beam of ‘cold’ neutrons that induce the 6Li(n,α)3H reaction. Both the intensity and energy of the reaction products— the α‐particles and tritons—are measured by surface barrier detectors. Comparing the emission intensity with that of a known standard leads to quantitative determination of the lithium concentrations. The energy loss of the emitted charged particles due to interactions with the matrix provides a direct measurement of the depth of the originating lithium nucleus. The non‐destructive nature of the NDP technique allows in situ measurements of the lithium concentration under different voltage bias conditions. The data acquisition method and data analysis techniques are explained. Results of the concentration measurements as a function of bias are presented. Possible applications into other lithium multilayers are also discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Nuclear reaction analysis profiling as direct evidence for lithium ion mass transport in thin film ‘‘rocking-chair’’ structures

Cited by 28 publications

References 5 publications

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

Ion potential diagrams as guidelines for stability and performance of electrochromic devices

Analysis of lithium transport in electrochromic multilayer films by neutron depth profiling

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